Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the heart located?
Mediastinum (area between the 2 lungs)
What does the S1 sound indicate?
Closing of the A/V valves (tricuspid and mitral valves)
What does the S2 sound indicate?
Closing of the semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic valves)
The right ventricle pumps blood into where?
The pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary arteries
The right atrium receives blood from where?
The right vena cava and coronary sinus
What valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
What valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
What is the systole phase of the heart?
Contraction phase
What is the diastole phase of the heart?
Relaxation or filling phase
What is the flow of the Cardiac cycle?
S1. Atrial systole and Ventricular Diastole
S2. Ventricle systole and Atrial Diastole
What is the Frank Starling Law?
The force of myocardia contraction is proportional to the degree of stretch in the heart muscle after diastole (Preload)
Does the heart require brain or spinal cord to pump?
No - it has autorhythmicity
State the steps of the conduction system of the heart
- Action potential begins with SA Node (pacemaker)
- Spreads through the contractile fibers of the atria
- Slows down in the A/V node
- Bundle of His
- Left and Right bundle branches
- Moves fastest through the Purkinje Fibers
- Spreads through the contractile fibers of the ventricles
- Ions spread from the cell to cell via gap junctions
What are the waves in an EKG?
P Wave - atrial depolarization
QRS Complex - Ventricular depolarization
T Wave - Ventricular repolarization
What is the Order of Systemic Circulation?
- Left Ventricle
- Aorta
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries (exchange with interstitial fluid)
- Venules
- Veins
- Vena Cavas
- Right Atrium
Describe Arteries
High Pressure
Carry Oxygenated Blood
Describe Veins
Low Pressure
Carry Deoxygenated Blood
What are the exceptions to Arteries and Veins?
- Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the longs
- Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the heart
Which arteries take blood to the heart muscle?
Left and Right Coronary Arteries
Which arteries branch off of the ascending aorta?
Left and Right Coronary Arteries
Which arteries branch off of the arch of the aorta?
- Brachiocephalic Truck
- This splits into right common carotid and right subclavian arteries - Left common carotid artery
- Left subclavian artery
Which four arteries take blood back to the brain?
- Right and left internal carotid arteries
- Right and left vertebral arteries
The left and right vertebral arteries will converge to form the basilar artery which goes to the backside of the brain
Which disease is usually caused by narrowing of lumen in coronary arteries (can be atherosclerosis or vasoconstriction or both). Person has cramping, squeezing, suffocating pain in chest when activity increases. Pain eases with rest. No death of heart muscle.
Angina
Which disease is a complete blockage in coronary vessels so heart muscle not getting enough O2 to survive. Leads to death of heart muscle. S/S: suffocating, crushing chest pain, pain radiating down left arm up to left jaw, sob, sweating, anxiety, dizziness, and possible loss of consciousness. Not relieved by rest.
Myocardial Infarction - leads to heart muscle death
What disease is a chronic weakening of the heart muscle due to possible genetic defect of muscle or heart being overworked over a long period of time (i.e. hypertension). Muscle begins to fail, blood backs up in the chambers, into lungs, and into systemic veins leading to fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up pink sputum, edema
Congestive Heart failure
Which disease is a blockage in cerebral vessels or vessels leading to cell death in the brain?
S&S: 1 sided facial paralysis but they can wrinkle forehead
- slurred speech
- 1 sided paralysis/weakness/numbness
- confusion
- disorientation
- loss of consciousness
Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke)
What disease is the acute failure of circulatory system to delivery of blood to organs and tissues? Extreme drop in blood pressure.
S&S:
- Cold, Clammy, Ashen Skin
- Weak pulse
- Rapid breathing
- Thirst
Types:
- Hypovolemic - loss of blood volume
- Cardiogenic - heart problem
- Obstructive - major blockage
- Distributive - excessive vasodilation - includes anaphlactic shock
Shock
Where are all blood cells produced?
Red bone marrow
What are erythrocytes?
Red Blood Cells
What is the shape of Red Blood Cells?
Biconcave
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen in blood via hemoglobin molecule. Iron is needed to make hemoglobin
What hormone controls the production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin from kidneys
Bone marrow stimulates erythropoiesis
Which disease is a lack of iron in diet or malabsorption of iron. Therefore can’t make adequate hemoglobin resulting in low Oxygen levels
S&S: Fatigue, paleness
- cold
- Shortness of breath
- elevated HR (tachycardia)
- dizziness
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Which disease is inherited via autosomal recessive pattern. More common in people of African descent. RBCs are sickle shaped so they do not carry adequate O2 and they become trapped in blood vessels.
Blockages result in lots of pain plus usual anemia signs and symptoms
Sickle Cell Anemia
Which disease results in cells not dividing properly resulting in a macrocytic/normochromic anemia
S&S: Iron deficiency plus beefy tongue
B12/Folate Deficiency Anemia
Which disease is specifically caused by B12 deficiency. Autoimmune process damages parietal cells in the stomach leading to deficiency of intristic factor which makes you unable to absorb B12
Pernicious Anemia
What are Leukocytes?
White Blood Cells
What is the overall function of white blood cells?
Immunity
Which WBC is the most abundant and the first responder to infection?
Neutrophils
Which WBC is elevated when allergies and parasites are present?
Eosinophils
Which WBC secrete histamine (major inflammatory mediator)?
Basophils
Which of the WBCs engage in phagocytosis? The clean up crew and largest of the WBC,
Macrophages
Which WBCs orchestrate your acquired/adaptive/specific immune response to foreign antigens?
Lymphocytes
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells
Which cells regulate a variety of immune responses?
T-Helper cells
Which condition results in T-helper cells being destroyed?
AIDS
What is Humoral Immunity?
B cells - when exposed to pathogen make antibodies/immunoglobulins
What is cell-Mediated Immunity?
T killer cells - AKA cytotoxic T cells that kill diseased body cells
- i.e. virus infected cells, cancer cells
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets - these cells initiate coagulations to stop bleeding
