Endocrine System Flashcards
_________ and __________ facilitate long distance communication
Nervous and endocrine system
What does the nervous system use to communicate
Electrical signals
Are chemical signaling molecules that travel in blood
-Reaches most cells of the body
-has a widespread effect
Hormones
How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?(7)
-Use of calories and nutrients
-secretion of wastes
-blood pressure and osmolarity
-Growth
-Fertility and sex drive
-lactation
-sleep
Chemical signals used by endocrine system
Hormones
Hormone affects neighboring cells
Paracrine signalling
Hormone affects the same cell that released it
Autocrine gland
Hormone travels through blood to affect cells throughout the body
Endocrine signalling
Exits glands via exocytosis
Chemical secretions
Releases product into bloodstream or extracellular fluid
Endocrine gland
Releases product into a duct that carries it to a body surface
Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands include these 5 glands
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
Mainly secretes hormones
Does not have a duct for secretion
Endocrine gland
Organs that contain endocrine functions (10)
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Heart
Kidneys
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Adipose tissue
Ovaries
Testes
Both __________ and ___________ allow for communication and control of the body
Nervous and endocrine systems
This type of system is generally faster to make a chang
Nervous system
This systems effects generally last longer
Endocrine system
What are the 3 types of hormones based on chemical structure
Steroid hormones
Amine-based hormones
Peptide and protein based hormones
These hormones are lipid soluble
Requires transport proteins to travel in blood
Steroid hormones
What produces steroid hormones?
Cholesterol molecules
List 2 examples of steroids
Testosterone
Estrogen
Water soluble
does not require transport proteins in blood
Amine hormones and peptide and protein hormones
What are amine hormones made from
Individual amino acids
3 examples of amine hormones
Melatonin
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Peptide and protein hormones are made from
Chains of amino acids
2 Examples of peptide and protein hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
Insulin
Made on demand by modifying cholesterol molecules
-cannot be stored
-not soluble in blood
Steroid hormones
Translated like other proteins
Modified and stored in vesicles until release
Soluble in blood
Travels in a free state
Peptide hormones
Receptors can be _________ or _________
Intracellular or on the cell surface
Lipid soluble hormone receptors are usually ____________ (cytosol or nuclear)
Intracellular
Water soluble hormone receptors are usually _____________
on the cell surface
What are the 2 types of Hormone receptors
Intracellular hormone receptors
Membrane bound hormone receptors
Results in increased transcription and protein synthesis
May be in cytosol or nucleus
Intracellular hormone receptor
What are intracellular hormone receptors usually associated with?(2)
Steroid
Thyroid hormones
Hormone serves as first messenger in the pathway
Membrane bound hormone receptors
What are membrane bound hormone receptors associated with?
Water soluble hormones
(Amine and peptide hormones)
is a key mechanism used by water-soluble hormones to exert their effects on target cells
amplify and transmit extracellular signalsto elicit specific intracellular responses.
2nd messenger system
Decrease in receptor number
-occurs when hormone level is chronically high
-cell becomes less sensitive to hormone
Downregulation
Increase in motor receptor number
-occurs when hormone levels are chronically low
-cells become more sensitive to hormone
Upregulating
Most hormones are regulated via ______________
Negative feed back loops
As hormone level rises secretion will
___________ or _______
Slow down or stop
What is regulated by a positive feedback loop?
Oxytocin
What example causes oxytocin release
Suckling on breast
3 factors that influence hormone release
Chemical levels within our blood
Endocrine system
Nervous system stimulation
Part of diancephalon of the brain
Regulates the secretion of hormones from pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is connected to posterior pituitary gland by __________
Infundibulum
The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by _________________________
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
The anterior pituitary is composed of ___________
Glandular tissue
Blood from hypothalamus travels through the ____________________ to the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal vein
Posterior pituitary contains ________
Nervous tissue
Axons from hypothalamus project through ______________
Infundibulum
What is stored and released into blood at the posterior pituitary
Hormones
The posterior pituitary Stores and releases these 2 hormones
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones(ADH)
-Release is regulated by a Positive feedback loop
-Responsible for milk ejection reflex
-Promotes uterine contraction
-contributes to social bonding behavior
Oxytocin
-Released to high blood osmolarity
-can cause blood vessel constriction
-leads to overall increase in blood pressure
Antidiuretic hormones
Antidiuretic hormone conserves body fluids by increasing water absorption by kidney making your urine __________
Darker
What inhibits antidiuretic hormone release?
Wich leads to?
Drugs like alcohol
Higher amounts of urine produced
Results from chronic
underproduction of antidiuretic hormone
Leads to excessive thirst and increased water consumption
Diabetes insipidus
What occurs in severe cases of Diabetes insipidus
Ionic imbalances
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce
6
Secretion of hormones of anterior pituitary gland are regulated by _________ from _________
Tropic hormones from hypothalamus
Tropic hormones travel from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary in
____________________________
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
What are the 6 hormones of the pituitary gland
Growth hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
Anabolic hormone that promotes protein synthesis and tissue building
Growth hormone
Causes release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticropic hormone
Promotes gamete production
Follicle stimulating hormone
Promotes release of sex hormones and initiates ovulation
Luteinizing hormone
Promotes milk production
Prolactin
What are the protein and peptide hormones in the anterior pituitary system?
Peptide- adrenocorticropic,prolactin
Protein- growth,thyroid stimulating , luteinizing, follicle stimulating
Tropic activity of the six anterior pituitary hormones
Tropic activity-NO
Growth hormone, prolactin,Follicle stimulating
Tropic activity -YES
Adrenocorticropic, luteinizing, thyroid stimulating
What is the luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone target tissue
Gonad
What is the growth hormones target tissues
Chondrocytes in cartilage and muscle cells
The release of Growth hormones is regulated by _______ and _______ from hypothalamus
Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone(GHIH) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHIH)
Causes production of insulin like growth factors in target tissue
Growth hormone
Growth hormones cause growth via ______ _______ _______ (3)
Increased protein synthesis
Increased lipolysis
Increased blood glucose levels
Growth hormones promote growth of epiphyseal plate wich leads to?
Elongation of bones
Substantially increased height due to excessive GH secretion in childhood
Giantism
Decreased stature due to decreased secretion of growth hormones during childhood
Pituitary dwarfism
Excessive GH secretion during adulthood
Increased growth of cartilage wich leads to enlarged,hands feet and ears
Acromegaly
Located anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx
Thyroid gland
Two lateral lobes of thyroid are connected by ______i
Isthmus
Spherical units of thyroid
-internal cavity is filled with colloid
Thyroid Follicles
Thyroid hormones remains in _________form until needed
colloid
__________ regulates TH secretion
Negative feed back
-Increased basal metabolic rate
-Promotes protein synthesis
-
Increased body temperature
Enlarged thyroid caused by accumulation of colloid
Goiter
Insufficient production of thyroid hormones
Leads to weight gain and cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
Excessive production of thyroid hormones wch leads to
Weight loss and increased body temperature
Secreted by para follicular cells in response to elevated calcium levels
Calcitonin
Plays a huge role in biological processes
-Levels are regulated by hormones
Calcium
Regulates the calcium level
Calciton and parathyroid hormone
(Works antagonistically)
Located on posterior of thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
This cells function is unknown in the parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cell
What secretes parathyroid hormones
Chief cells
Secreted in response to low calcium levels
Increases blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone
Excessive secretion of PTH leads to excessive bone resorption leading to
-reduced bone density
-reduced responsiveness of nervous system
-increased calcium deposits in tissue and organs
Hyperparathyroidism
Insufficient secretion of PTH Wich leads to
-Low calcium levels in blood
-muscle twitching
-cramping
-convulsion
-paralysis
Hypoparathyroidism
Triangle glands on top of each kidney
Covered by capsule
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glands is divided into
Adrenal cortex (superficial)
Medulla (deeper)
3 zones of adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulusa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Most superficial level of adrenal vortex
Secretes mineralocorticoids
Involved in renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS
Zona glomerulosa
What is the main mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone
Function of aldosterone
Increases blood pressure
Increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney
Intermediate region of the adrenal cortex
Secretes glucocorticoids
Zona fasciculata
Main glucocorticoid of zona fasciculata
Cortisol
-Is released in response to stress
-Release stimulated by ACTH
-Suppresses the immune system
Cortisol
How does the zona fasciculata break down stored nutrients for energy (3)
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Deepest of the adrenal cortex
Secretes androgens
Supplements testosterone in males
Promotes libido in females
Zona reticularis
What is the main androgen in zona reticularis
Dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA)
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine collectively catecholamines
Adrenal medulla
He adrenal medulla Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine collectively called _______________
catecholamines
What produces catecholamines
Chromafinn cells
Release of catecholamines causes
Fight or flight
Hypersecretion of cortisol
Cushing’s disease
Hyposecretion of cortisol
Addison’s disease
Located within abdomen posterior to stomach
Both a endocrine and exocrine gland
Pancreas
What is the Exocrine function of the pancreas
Secrete digestive enzymes
What are the endocrine cells in the pancreatic inlet?
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
PP cells
Secretes glucagon
Alpha cells
Secretes insulin
Beta cells
Secretes somastosin
Delta cells
Secretes pancreatic polypeptide
PP cells
Insulin lowers blood glucose by?(3)
Stimulating uptake by cells
Glycogenisis
Lipogenisis
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by?(3)
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
Primary target cells of insulin are?(2)
Skeletal muscle cells
Adipocytes
Located mediastinum superior to the heart
Site for T lymphocyte maturation within the immune system
More active in childhood but decreases with age
Thymus
What hormone of thymus helps in development and differentiation of T lymphocytes
Thymosin
Secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
The heart
What is the purpose of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (2)
Decreases blood pressure in response to blood volume or increased blood pressure
Increases sodium and water lost by the kidneys to decrease blood pressure or volume
Where are the endocrine cells located in the gastro intestinal tract?
Walls of stomach and small intestines
What are hormones that help in digestion in the GI tract
Gastrin
Other hormones that aid in regulation of glucose
Stimulates release of hydrochloric acid by stomach
Gastrin
Produces renin that is involved in renin-angiosten-aldiosterone system
(RAAS) Regulation for blood pressure
Kidneys
Secretes __________ that aids in calcium homeostasis
Calcitriol
What stimulates the production of red blood cells
Erythropoietin
Secretes the hormone leptin and adiponectin
Adipose tissue
Hormones are called ________ in adipose tissue
Adipokines
Involved in metabolism and nutrient storage
Adipokines
Binds in neurons within brain to cause feeling of satiety after a meal
Helps reduce appetite
Leptin
Reduces cellular insulin resistance
Adiponectin
Involved in production of vitamin D
Skin
Can be converted into active vitamin d by _________ and __________
Liver and kidney
Can be converted into active vitamin d by _________ and __________
Liver and kidney
Secretes insulin like growth factor (IGF) in response to GH
Liver
What are the hormones of the liver
Angiotensinogen
Thrombopoietin
Hepcidin
Precursor to angiotensin, a hormone that is involved in increasing Blood pressure
Angiotensinogen
A hormone that stimulates platelet production
Thrombopoietin
Regulates iron levels
Hepcidin
