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Anaphy Finals > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

_________ and __________ facilitate long distance communication

A

Nervous and endocrine system

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2
Q

What does the nervous system use to communicate

A

Electrical signals

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3
Q

Are chemical signaling molecules that travel in blood

-Reaches most cells of the body
-has a widespread effect

A

Hormones

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4
Q

How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?(7)

A

-Use of calories and nutrients
-secretion of wastes
-blood pressure and osmolarity
-Growth
-Fertility and sex drive
-lactation
-sleep

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5
Q

Chemical signals used by endocrine system

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Hormone affects neighboring cells

A

Paracrine signalling

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7
Q

Hormone affects the same cell that released it

A

Autocrine gland

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8
Q

Hormone travels through blood to affect cells throughout the body

A

Endocrine signalling

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9
Q

Exits glands via exocytosis

A

Chemical secretions

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10
Q

Releases product into bloodstream or extracellular fluid

A

Endocrine gland

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11
Q

Releases product into a duct that carries it to a body surface

A

Exocrine glands

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12
Q

Endocrine glands include these 5 glands

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal

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13
Q

Mainly secretes hormones
Does not have a duct for secretion

A

Endocrine gland

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14
Q

Organs that contain endocrine functions (10)

A

Hypothalamus
Thymus
Heart
Kidneys
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Adipose tissue
Ovaries
Testes

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15
Q

Both __________ and ___________ allow for communication and control of the body

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

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16
Q

This type of system is generally faster to make a chang

A

Nervous system

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17
Q

This systems effects generally last longer

A

Endocrine system

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones based on chemical structure

A

Steroid hormones

Amine-based hormones

Peptide and protein based hormones

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19
Q

These hormones are lipid soluble

Requires transport proteins to travel in blood

A

Steroid hormones

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20
Q

What produces steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol molecules

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21
Q

List 2 examples of steroids

A

Testosterone

Estrogen

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22
Q

Water soluble

does not require transport proteins in blood

A

Amine hormones and peptide and protein hormones

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23
Q

What are amine hormones made from

A

Individual amino acids

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24
Q

3 examples of amine hormones

A

Melatonin
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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25
Q

Peptide and protein hormones are made from

A

Chains of amino acids

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26
Q

2 Examples of peptide and protein hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Insulin

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27
Q

Made on demand by modifying cholesterol molecules
-cannot be stored
-not soluble in blood

A

Steroid hormones

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28
Q

Translated like other proteins

Modified and stored in vesicles until release

Soluble in blood
Travels in a free state

A

Peptide hormones

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29
Q

Receptors can be _________ or _________

A

Intracellular or on the cell surface

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30
Q

Lipid soluble hormone receptors are usually ____________ (cytosol or nuclear)

A

Intracellular

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31
Q

Water soluble hormone receptors are usually _____________

A

on the cell surface

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32
Q

What are the 2 types of Hormone receptors

A

Intracellular hormone receptors
Membrane bound hormone receptors

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33
Q

Results in increased transcription and protein synthesis

May be in cytosol or nucleus

A

Intracellular hormone receptor

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34
Q

What are intracellular hormone receptors usually associated with?(2)

A

Steroid
Thyroid hormones

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35
Q

Hormone serves as first messenger in the pathway

A

Membrane bound hormone receptors

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36
Q

What are membrane bound hormone receptors associated with?

A

Water soluble hormones
(Amine and peptide hormones)

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37
Q

is a key mechanism used by water-soluble hormones to exert their effects on target cells
amplify and transmit extracellular signalsto elicit specific intracellular responses.

A

2nd messenger system

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38
Q

Decrease in receptor number

-occurs when hormone level is chronically high
-cell becomes less sensitive to hormone

A

Downregulation

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39
Q

Increase in motor receptor number

-occurs when hormone levels are chronically low
-cells become more sensitive to hormone

A

Upregulating

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40
Q

Most hormones are regulated via ______________

A

Negative feed back loops

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41
Q

As hormone level rises secretion will
___________ or _______

A

Slow down or stop

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42
Q

What is regulated by a positive feedback loop?

A

Oxytocin

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43
Q

What example causes oxytocin release

A

Suckling on breast

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44
Q

3 factors that influence hormone release

A

Chemical levels within our blood
Endocrine system
Nervous system stimulation

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45
Q

Part of diancephalon of the brain

Regulates the secretion of hormones from pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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46
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to posterior pituitary gland by __________

A

Infundibulum

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47
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by _________________________

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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48
Q

The anterior pituitary is composed of ___________

A

Glandular tissue

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49
Q

Blood from hypothalamus travels through the ____________________ to the anterior pituitary

A

hypophyseal portal vein

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50
Q

Posterior pituitary contains ________

A

Nervous tissue

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51
Q

Axons from hypothalamus project through ______________

A

Infundibulum

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52
Q

What is stored and released into blood at the posterior pituitary

A

Hormones

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53
Q

The posterior pituitary Stores and releases these 2 hormones

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones(ADH)

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54
Q

-Release is regulated by a Positive feedback loop
-Responsible for milk ejection reflex
-Promotes uterine contraction
-contributes to social bonding behavior

A

Oxytocin

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55
Q

-Released to high blood osmolarity
-can cause blood vessel constriction
-leads to overall increase in blood pressure

A

Antidiuretic hormones

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56
Q

Antidiuretic hormone conserves body fluids by increasing water absorption by kidney making your urine __________

A

Darker

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57
Q

What inhibits antidiuretic hormone release?
Wich leads to?

A

Drugs like alcohol

Higher amounts of urine produced

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58
Q

Results from chronic
underproduction of antidiuretic hormone

Leads to excessive thirst and increased water consumption

A

Diabetes insipidus

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59
Q

What occurs in severe cases of Diabetes insipidus

A

Ionic imbalances

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60
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce

A

6

61
Q

Secretion of hormones of anterior pituitary gland are regulated by _________ from _________

A

Tropic hormones from hypothalamus

62
Q

Tropic hormones travel from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary in
____________________________

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

63
Q

What are the 6 hormones of the pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin

64
Q

Anabolic hormone that promotes protein synthesis and tissue building

A

Growth hormone

65
Q

Causes release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

66
Q

Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticropic hormone

67
Q

Promotes gamete production

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

68
Q

Promotes release of sex hormones and initiates ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone

69
Q

Promotes milk production

A

Prolactin

70
Q

What are the protein and peptide hormones in the anterior pituitary system?

A

Peptide- adrenocorticropic,prolactin

Protein- growth,thyroid stimulating , luteinizing, follicle stimulating

71
Q

Tropic activity of the six anterior pituitary hormones

A

Tropic activity-NO
Growth hormone, prolactin,Follicle stimulating

Tropic activity -YES
Adrenocorticropic, luteinizing, thyroid stimulating

72
Q

What is the luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone target tissue

A

Gonad

73
Q

What is the growth hormones target tissues

A

Chondrocytes in cartilage and muscle cells

74
Q

The release of Growth hormones is regulated by _______ and _______ from hypothalamus

A

Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone(GHIH) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHIH)

75
Q

Causes production of insulin like growth factors in target tissue

A

Growth hormone

76
Q

Growth hormones cause growth via ______ _______ _______ (3)

A

Increased protein synthesis
Increased lipolysis
Increased blood glucose levels

77
Q

Growth hormones promote growth of epiphyseal plate wich leads to?

A

Elongation of bones

78
Q

Substantially increased height due to excessive GH secretion in childhood

A

Giantism

79
Q

Decreased stature due to decreased secretion of growth hormones during childhood

A

Pituitary dwarfism

80
Q

Excessive GH secretion during adulthood

Increased growth of cartilage wich leads to enlarged,hands feet and ears

A

Acromegaly

81
Q

Located anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx

A

Thyroid gland

82
Q

Two lateral lobes of thyroid are connected by ______i

A

Isthmus

83
Q

Spherical units of thyroid

-internal cavity is filled with colloid

A

Thyroid Follicles

84
Q

Thyroid hormones remains in _________form until needed

A

colloid

85
Q

__________ regulates TH secretion

A

Negative feed back

86
Q

-Increased basal metabolic rate
-Promotes protein synthesis
-

A

Increased body temperature

87
Q

Enlarged thyroid caused by accumulation of colloid

A

Goiter

88
Q

Insufficient production of thyroid hormones

Leads to weight gain and cold intolerance

A

Hypothyroidism

89
Q

Excessive production of thyroid hormones wch leads to

A

Weight loss and increased body temperature

90
Q

Secreted by para follicular cells in response to elevated calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

91
Q

Plays a huge role in biological processes
-Levels are regulated by hormones

A

Calcium

92
Q

Regulates the calcium level

A

Calciton and parathyroid hormone

(Works antagonistically)

93
Q

Located on posterior of thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid glands

94
Q

This cells function is unknown in the parathyroid gland

A

Oxyphil cell

95
Q

What secretes parathyroid hormones

A

Chief cells

96
Q

Secreted in response to low calcium levels

Increases blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone

97
Q

Excessive secretion of PTH leads to excessive bone resorption leading to

-reduced bone density
-reduced responsiveness of nervous system
-increased calcium deposits in tissue and organs

A

Hyperparathyroidism

98
Q

Insufficient secretion of PTH Wich leads to

-Low calcium levels in blood
-muscle twitching
-cramping
-convulsion
-paralysis

A

Hypoparathyroidism

99
Q

Triangle glands on top of each kidney

Covered by capsule

A

Adrenal glands

100
Q

Adrenal glands is divided into

A

Adrenal cortex (superficial)

Medulla (deeper)

101
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulusa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

102
Q

Most superficial level of adrenal vortex

Secretes mineralocorticoids

Involved in renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS

A

Zona glomerulosa

103
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

104
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Increases blood pressure
Increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney

105
Q

Intermediate region of the adrenal cortex
Secretes glucocorticoids

A

Zona fasciculata

106
Q

Main glucocorticoid of zona fasciculata

A

Cortisol

107
Q

-Is released in response to stress
-Release stimulated by ACTH
-Suppresses the immune system

A

Cortisol

108
Q

How does the zona fasciculata break down stored nutrients for energy (3)

A

Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis

109
Q

Deepest of the adrenal cortex
Secretes androgens
Supplements testosterone in males
Promotes libido in females

A

Zona reticularis

110
Q

What is the main androgen in zona reticularis

A

Dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA)

111
Q

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine collectively catecholamines

A

Adrenal medulla

112
Q

He adrenal medulla Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine collectively called _______________

A

catecholamines

113
Q

What produces catecholamines

A

Chromafinn cells

114
Q

Release of catecholamines causes

A

Fight or flight

115
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisol

A

Cushing’s disease

116
Q

Hyposecretion of cortisol

A

Addison’s disease

117
Q

Located within abdomen posterior to stomach

Both a endocrine and exocrine gland

A

Pancreas

118
Q

What is the Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secrete digestive enzymes

119
Q

What are the endocrine cells in the pancreatic inlet?

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
PP cells

120
Q

Secretes glucagon

A

Alpha cells

121
Q

Secretes insulin

A

Beta cells

122
Q

Secretes somastosin

A

Delta cells

123
Q

Secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

PP cells

124
Q

Insulin lowers blood glucose by?(3)

A

Stimulating uptake by cells
Glycogenisis
Lipogenisis

125
Q

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by?(3)

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis

126
Q

Primary target cells of insulin are?(2)

A

Skeletal muscle cells
Adipocytes

127
Q

Located mediastinum superior to the heart

Site for T lymphocyte maturation within the immune system

More active in childhood but decreases with age

A

Thymus

128
Q

What hormone of thymus helps in development and differentiation of T lymphocytes

A

Thymosin

129
Q

Secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

The heart

130
Q

What is the purpose of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (2)

A

Decreases blood pressure in response to blood volume or increased blood pressure

Increases sodium and water lost by the kidneys to decrease blood pressure or volume

131
Q

Where are the endocrine cells located in the gastro intestinal tract?

A

Walls of stomach and small intestines

132
Q

What are hormones that help in digestion in the GI tract

A

Gastrin

Other hormones that aid in regulation of glucose

133
Q

Stimulates release of hydrochloric acid by stomach

A

Gastrin

134
Q

Produces renin that is involved in renin-angiosten-aldiosterone system
(RAAS) Regulation for blood pressure

A

Kidneys

135
Q

Secretes __________ that aids in calcium homeostasis

A

Calcitriol

136
Q

What stimulates the production of red blood cells

A

Erythropoietin

137
Q

Secretes the hormone leptin and adiponectin

A

Adipose tissue

138
Q

Hormones are called ________ in adipose tissue

A

Adipokines

139
Q

Involved in metabolism and nutrient storage

A

Adipokines

140
Q

Binds in neurons within brain to cause feeling of satiety after a meal

Helps reduce appetite

A

Leptin

141
Q

Reduces cellular insulin resistance

A

Adiponectin

142
Q

Involved in production of vitamin D

A

Skin

143
Q

Can be converted into active vitamin d by _________ and __________

A

Liver and kidney

144
Q

Can be converted into active vitamin d by _________ and __________

A

Liver and kidney

145
Q

Secretes insulin like growth factor (IGF) in response to GH

A

Liver

146
Q

What are the hormones of the liver

A

Angiotensinogen
Thrombopoietin
Hepcidin

147
Q

Precursor to angiotensin, a hormone that is involved in increasing Blood pressure

A

Angiotensinogen

148
Q

A hormone that stimulates platelet production

A

Thrombopoietin

149
Q

Regulates iron levels

A

Hepcidin

Anaphy Finals (8 decks)

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