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Anaphy Finals > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Is a fluid connective tissue

A

Blood

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2
Q

Is the liquid extracellular matrix of blood

A

Plasma

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3
Q

______________ are the cells and cell fragments

A

Formed elements

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4
Q

What are the formed elements of blood

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

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5
Q

The heart creates a ____________ that helps move blood blood throughout the body

A

Pressure gradient

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6
Q

What are the functions of blood

A

Transportation
Defense
Maintainance of homeostasis

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7
Q

Components of whole blood can be separated by a _____________

A

Centrifuge

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8
Q

Movement of blood is driven by a
______________

A

pressure gradient

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9
Q

Blood flows from areas of high pressure into areas with low pressure Wich is called as

A

Bulk flow

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10
Q

What causes resistance to flow

A

Blood thickness (viscosity )

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11
Q

Resistance is also influenced by____________ and _____________

A

Plasma proteins and formed elements

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12
Q

Composition of plasma (3)

A

92% water
Plasma proteins
Other solutes

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13
Q

Accounts for 7 percent of the plasma volume

A

Plasma proteins

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14
Q

Are the most abundant plasma proteins
-made by the liver
- major regulator of blood osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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15
Q

-Are the second most abundant plasma proteins
-Functions as transport proteins and anti bodys
-many are produced by the liver ; antibody’s are produced by leukocytes

A

Globulin

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16
Q

Is the least abundant plasma protein
-involved in blood clotting
-produced in liver

A

Fibrinogen

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17
Q

It is the Transport medium of plasma

Percentage?

A

Water (92%)

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18
Q

Maintains osmotic Concentration and transports lipid molecules

Percentage in plasma proteins?

A

Albumin

54-60

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19
Q

Transport and maintains osmotic Concentration

Percentage in plasma proteins

A

Globulin

35-38

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20
Q

Blood clotting j. Homeostasis

Percentage in blood proteins

A

Fibrinogen

4-7%

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21
Q

Percentage of plasma in the blood

Percentage of plasma proteins in plasma

A

46-63%

7%

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22
Q

Regulates various body functions

Percentage in plasma

A

Regulatory proteins

Less than 1 percent

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23
Q

Numerous and varied

Percentage in plasma

A

Other solutes

1%

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24
Q

Formed elements compose _____ percent of blood

A

37-54

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25
Q

Transports gasses Primarily oxygen and some carbon dioxide

Percent in formed elements

A

Erythrocytes

99%

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26
Q

Specific and non specific immunity
Percent in formed elements

A

Leukocytes
Less than 1

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27
Q

Hemostasis

Percent in formed elements

A

Platelets/thrombocytes

Less than 1%

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28
Q

Characteristics of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave disc shaped
Few organelles and No nucleus
Contains hemoglobin to transport gases

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29
Q

-Binds oxygen in oxygen rich environments
-Releases oxygen in oxygen poor environments
-are made out of proteins and iron

A

Hemoglobin

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30
Q

Four folded globin proteins contain ____________

A

Four heme groups

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31
Q

Each heme groups contain an ___________ wich can bind to one molecule of oxygen

A

Iron ion (Fe2+)

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32
Q

Saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen can be detected by a __________

A

Pulse oximeter

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33
Q

Oxygenated blood contains a higher saturation of oxygen Wich is

A

95-100% saturated

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34
Q

Deoxygenated blood carries less oxygen Wich is

A

70-80% saturated

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35
Q

It is the production of red blood cells Wich begins in the red bone marrow

A

Erythropoiesis

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36
Q

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by ____________ Wich is also a hormone that is secreted in response to hypoxia

A

Erythropoietin

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37
Q

What are the necessary components in the formation of red blood cells?

A

Iron and vitamin B 12

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38
Q

Results from decreased RBC production or defective RBC production

A

Anemia

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39
Q

Defective hemoglobin causes RBC shape change

A

Sickle cell anemia

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40
Q

Due to lack of iron

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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41
Q

Due to inadequate vitamin B 12

A

Pernicious anemia

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42
Q

Due to lack of vitamin B 12 and/or folate

A

Megaloblastic anemia

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43
Q

Due to deficient numbers of RBC stem cells

A

Aplastic anemia

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44
Q

___________ and other _____________ can lead to anemia

A

Menstruation in women
Other chronic bleeding conditions

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45
Q

Measures the percentage of RBC in a whole sample of blood

A

Hematocrit

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46
Q

_______ is the homeostatic range

A

36-50%

47
Q

Conditions that lead to overproduction of RBCs

Leads to high blood viscosity

A

Polycythemia

48
Q

RBC live up to _______

A

120 days

49
Q

are broken down and recycled in spleen or labor

A

Erythrocytes

50
Q

Recycled into amino acids

A

Globin

51
Q

Stored and reused

A

Iron

52
Q

The non iron portion of heme is ____

A

Toxic

53
Q

Converted to ________ and then bilirubin

A

Biliverdin

54
Q

________ is incorporated into bile in the liver

A

Bilirubin

55
Q

Also known as white blood cells
-helps protect against infection
-eliminates cells with mutated DNA
-cleans up debris

A

Leukocytes

56
Q

Involved in blood clotting and tissue repair

A

Platelets/thrombocytes

57
Q

Leukocytes are produced by _____________ in red bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

58
Q

What are the characteristics of leukocytes

A

Are larger than RBC
Less numerous than RBC
All have a nucleus and organelles

59
Q

How long can leukocytes last?

A

Hours to years

60
Q

Leukocytes leave blood vessels via __________ and are attracted to areas where needed by __________

A

Diapedesis

Chemotaxis

61
Q

Have granules that can be seen?

What types of leukocytes fall under these

A

Granular leukocytes

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

62
Q

Have granules but not easily seen

What are the leukocytes that fall under these

A

Agranular leukocytes

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

63
Q

These are the most common leukocytes
(40-60%)
Faint purple granules
Nucleus has 2 to 5 lobes
Phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils

64
Q

Makes up (2-4%) of leukocyte count
Bright pink to red nucleus
Nucleus has 2-3 lobes

A

Eosinophils

65
Q

It is the least common leukocyte(<1%)
Dark blue granules
Nucleus with 2 lobes
Granules release histamine

A

Basophil

66
Q

2nd most common leukocyte (20-30%)
Large nucleus with thin rim of cytoplasm

A

Lymphocytes

67
Q

What are the 3 groups of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
natural killer lymphocytes

68
Q

Large with horseshoe shaped nucleus

Phagocytes

A

Monocytes

69
Q

Monocytes mature into ___________

A

Macrophages

70
Q

Increases during bacterial infection

A

Neutrophils

71
Q

Increases during viral infection

A

Lymphocytes

72
Q

Increases during viral or fungal infection

A

Monocytes

73
Q

Increases during allergic reactions or parasitic infections

A

Eosinophil

74
Q

Increases during allergic reactions

A

Basophils

75
Q

Platelets are not cells but are fragments of a ________________

A

megakaryocyte

76
Q

The proccess of producing formed elements Wich begins in the red bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

77
Q

These cells can differentiate into any formed element

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

78
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into _________ or __________ stem cells first

A

Myeloid or lymphoid

79
Q

What are the hematopoietic Growth Factors

A

Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Cytokines

80
Q

Promotes erythropoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

81
Q

Promotes development of megakaryocytes and platelets

A

Thrombopoietin

82
Q

Chemical signals released by various tissues Wich also stimulates production of leukocytes as necessary

A

Cytokines

83
Q

Process by which the body plugs a ruptured blood vessel to minimize blood loss

A

Hemostasis

84
Q

Hemostasis is only effective in ___________ not ___________

A

Smaller blood vessels not larger ones

85
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A

1.Vascular spasm
2.Formation of platelet plug
3.coagulation

86
Q

Failure in the steps of hemostasis leads to ____________

A

Hemorrhage

87
Q

Smooth muscles of the walls of the damaged vessel contracts

Decreases blood flow and blood loss in

A

Vascular spasm

88
Q

Smooth muscles of the walls of the damaged vessel contracts

Decreases blood flow and blood loss from damaged area

A

Vascular spasm

89
Q

Platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers in vessel wall Wich attracts more platelets

A

Platelet plug

90
Q

Helps stabilize platelet plug and bind it to collagen

A

Von willebrand factor

91
Q

2 pathways that trigger coagulation

A

Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway

92
Q

The third pathway is the ______________
Both intrinsic and extrinsic leads to this

A

Common pathway

93
Q

All 3 pathways are dependent on the presence of _________ and __________

A

Calcium and vitamin K

94
Q

Involves a cascade of events that allows repair of blood vessels

A

Coagulation

95
Q

Steps in Coagulation

A

1.Soluble fibrinogen will be converted to insoluble fibrinogen to stabilize platelet plug in clot
2.individual fibrin proteins combine
3.Forms a net-like protein that stabilizes clot

96
Q

Prompts reactions associated with coagulation

A

Coagulation factors

97
Q

Activated by tissue trauma that breaks the wall of the blood vessel

Response is faster compared to other pathway

A

Extrinsic pathway

98
Q

Activated by internal damage to the wall of the vessel

Response is slower compared to the other pathway

A

Intrinsic pathway

99
Q

Clot is eventually removed by ___________ through gradual depredation of the clot

A

Fibrinolysis

100
Q

To accomplish fibrinolysis __________ is activated into ________

A

Plasminogen
Plasmin

101
Q

Are substances that oppose coagulation

A

Plasma anticoagulants

102
Q

Opposes conversio of prothrombin into thrombin

A

Antithrombin

103
Q

Opposes prothrombin
Found on endothelial cells to prevent clots

A

Heparin

104
Q

Molecules or groups of molecules that the body does not recognize as self

Basis for blood type

Can cause transfusion reactions when mixed with incompatible blood types

A

Antigens

105
Q

Blood types are determined based on the _______ present on the surface of RBC

A

Antigens

106
Q

3 antigens that are commonly used

A

Antigen A
Antigen B
Antigen D(Rh factor)

107
Q

Proteins that are made by the immune system that is designed to bind to foreign antigens that the body does not recognize

A

Antibodies

108
Q

Antigen-antibody complexes can initiate transfusion reactions Wich causes cells to ____________ or stick together

A

Agglutinate

109
Q

This occurs when incompatible blood types mix

A

Transfusion reaction

110
Q

___________ of RBC can overload kidneys Wich causes kidney failure

A

Hemolysis

111
Q

Based on presence or absence of antigens A and B

A

ABO blood groups

112
Q

__________ is either present or absent Wich is the basis for positive and negative blood types

A

Rhesus (RH) antigen

113
Q

Occurs when a RH+ mother is pregnant with a RH- fetus

Rare in first pregnancy but complications arise during the second pregnancy

A

Hemolytic disease

Anaphy Finals (8 decks)

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