Endocrine System Flashcards
hypothalamus
productions of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
pituitary gland - anterior lobes
ACTRH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH and MSH
pituitary gland - posterior lobe
release of oxytocin and ADH
thyroid gland
- thyroxine
- triiodothyronine
- calcitonin
adrenal glands - medulla
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
adrenal glands - cortex
cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
pancreas
- insulin
- glucagon
pineal gland
melatonin
parathyroid gland
parathryoid hormone
organs with secondary endocrine functions
- heart
- thymus
- adipose tissue
- digestive tract
- kidneys
- gonads
functions - detail
- regulates growth
- controls reproduction
- regulates sleep
- allows body to cope with stress, trauma and infection
- regulates circulation and red blood cell production
- controls digestion and absorption of food
- regulates metabolism, water and electrolyte balance
- homeostasis
functions - general
regulates growth and activity of target cells in the body
glucagon
- produced in pancreas
- raises blood sugar levels
insulin
- produced in pancreas
- lowers blood sugar levels
prolactin
- produced in the anterior pituitary
- milk production
oxytocin
- produced in the hypothalamus
- released by the posterior pituitary
- smooth muscle contraction in uterus and breast ducts
parathyroid hormone
- produced in parathyroid gland
- raises blood Ca levels
growth hormone
- produced in the anterior pituitary
- cell growth
calcitonin
- produced in the thyroid gland
- lowers blood Ca levels
thyroid hormones
- produced in the thyroid gland
- metabolism
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- produced in the hypothalamus
- stimulates TSH production
thyroid-stimulating hormone
- produced in the anterior pituitary
- stimulates the thyroid gland
thyroid hormone functions
- increase basal metabolic rate
- increased heat production
- stimulate protein synthesis
- stimulate usage of fuels
- enhanced sympathetic activity
- essential for normal growth and development
release of growth hormone
- hypothalamus releases GnRH
- GnHR stimulates anterior pituitary
growth hormone effects
- glucose-sparing effect
- growth effect
- diabetogenic effect
glucose sparing effect
stimulates adipose cells to break down stored fat, fueling growth effects
growth effects
- increases uptake of amino acids from blood
- enhances cellular proliferation
- reduces apoptosis
growth effects targets
- bone cells
- muscle cells
- nervous
diabetogenic effect
GH stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose, fueling growth effects
hypoglycaemia
lower than normal blood glucose levels
glycogenolysis
breaking down glycogen to liberate glucose molecules
glycogen
the storage form of glucose
hyperglycaemia
higher than normal blood glucose levels
glucagon
hormone that acts to increase blood glucose levels
gluconeogenesis
making new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
insulin
hormone that acts to decrease blood glucose levels
alpha cells
pancreatic islet cells that produce glucagon
beta cells
pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin
glucose
a simple sugar, the preferred energy source for most cells
calcitriol
active form of vitamin D, stimulates calcium absorption in digestive tract
osteoblasts
a cell that produces the fibres and matrix of bone
hypercalcaemia
higher than normal blood calcium levels
absorption
the process of taking substances into the bloodstream
osteoclasts
a cell that dissolves the fibres and matrix of bone
hypocalcaemia
lower than normal blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone
acts to increase blood calcium levels
reabsorption
being absorbed again
excretion
the removal of wastes from the blood, tissues of organs
calcitonin
acts to decrease blood calcium levels
