Endocrine System

Question 1

what are tropic hormones?

Answer 1

target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion

Question 2

what are sex hormones?

Answer 2

they target reproductive tissue

Question 3

what are anabolic hormones?

Answer 3

stimulate anabolism within their target cells.

Question 4

what are steroids?

Answer 4

steroids are composed of cholesterol and diffuse easily through cell membrane
( ex. cortisol, estrogen, testosterone )

Question 5

what are nonsteroids?

Answer 5

composed of amino acids and consists of proteins
( ex. insulin, oxytocin, adh )

Question 6

what is synergism reaction?

Answer 6

when several hormones work together to create a greater effect than one by itself

Question 7

what is permissiveness reaction?

Answer 7

when a small amount of one hormone
allows for the full effect of another

Question 8

what is antagonism reaction?

Answer 8

one hormone produces the opposite effect
of another

Question 9

how does steroid hormone action work?

Answer 9

form a hormone-receptor complex inside cells, and moves it to the nucleus to direct mRNA production, leading to transcription and translation. this process takes time, resulting in a delayed response.

Question 10

how does nonsteroid hormone action work?

Answer 10

binds to receptors on plasma membrane, acting as messengers. this triggers a second messenger inside the cell, intimates a cascade of reactions, resulting in a quicker response compared to steroid hormones.

Question 11

what are prostaglandins (PG)?

Answer 11

tissue hormones, influencing neighboring cells and are secreted by various orgas such as the kidneys, lungs, brain.

Question 12

what does PGA do?

Answer 12

lowers blood pressure and increases blood flow

Question 13

what is PGE?

Answer 13

regulates vascular effects, deformability, and hydrochloric acid production

Question 14

what is PGF?

Answer 14

includes uterine contractions and aids normal peristalsis.

Question 15

where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 15

inferior side of brain and connected to pituitary gland.

Question 16

what does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 16

acts as body’s thermostat, controls homeostasis, producing hormones that regulate heart rate, body temperature, hunger, and the sleep-wake cycle.

Question 17

where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 17

connected to the hypothalamus by the
infundibulum, is composed of two glands.

Question 18

what are the two glands in the pituitary gland?

Answer 18

the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Question 19

what hormones does the adenohypophysis produce?

Answer 19

Growth Hormone (GH), Prolaction (PRL), and Tropin.

Question 20

what hormones does neurohypophysis produce?

Answer 20

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin

Question 21

what is growth hormone (GH)

Answer 21

promotes growth and fat metabolism

Question 22

prolactin hormone

Answer 22

supports breast milk development/production

Question 23

what are the 4 types of tropic hormone includes?

Answer 23

TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH

Question 24

what does thyrotropin (TSH) do?

Answer 24

stimulates thyroid.

Question 25

what does adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) do?

Answer 25

stimulates adrenal gland.

Question 26

what does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

Answer 26

stimulates follicles and produces estrogen in
females and in males, stimulates the development of the seminiferous tubules and promotes spermatogenesis.

Question 27

what does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

Answer 27

stimulates the corpus luteum of the ovary. causes the secretion of estrogen and progesterone AND secretion of testosterone in males.

Question 28

where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 28

found in the diencephalon

Question 29

what does the pineal gland do?

Answer 29

involved in regulating biological clock by secreting melatonin

Question 30

where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 30

in neck, below larynx.

Question 31

what does the thyroid gland do?

Answer 31

secrets calcitonin, which helps regulate calcium levels AND produces T3 and T4

Question 32

what are the two hormones found in thyroid?

Answer 32

T4 and T3

Question 33

what does T3 and T4 do?

Answer 33

regulate metabolism and cell growth.

Question 34

what does the parathyroid gland do?

Answer 34

produces PTH (parathyroid hormone) which maintains calcium homeostasis by acting on bones.

Question 35

where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 35

above kidneys

Question 36

what are the three zones of the adrenal gland?

Answer 36

Outer zone: mineralocorticoids
Middle zone: glucocorticoids
Inner zone: androgens

Question 37

what is the mineralocorticoids purpose?

Answer 37

(e.g. aldosterone) adjusts blood pressure and volume

Question 38

what is the glucocorticoids purpose?

Answer 38

(e.g. cortisol) regulates metabolism and respond to stress.

Question 39

what is the androgens purpose?

Answer 39

influences secondary sexual characteristics and libido.

Question 40

what hormones are cause “fight or flight”?

Answer 40

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 41

what does the pancreas glands do?

Answer 41

produces insulin and glucagon which control the amount of glucose in the blood.

Question 42

what does glucagon do?

Answer 42

release of glucose into blood when sugar levels are low

Question 43

what does insulin do?

Answer 43

causes the reuptake of sugar by cells when glucose levels are high.

Question 44

what are the gonads glands overall job?

Answer 44

produces sex hormones and gametes, plays critical role in reproductive development.

Question 45

what hormones do females produce in the gonads?

Answer 45

estrogen, progesterone and
small amounts of testosterone.

Question 46

what hormones do males produce in the gonads?

Answer 46

testosterone and small amounts of estrogen.

Question 47

where is the thymus gland located?

Answer 47

above heart; medial to the lungs

Question 48

what is the thymus glands purpose?

Answer 48

the maturation of T-cells and shrinks with age.