Endocrine System Flashcards
Functions of the Endocrine system
Water balance, Uterine contractions and milk release, Growth, Metabolism, Ion Regulation, Heart rate and blood pressure, blood glucose, immune system.
Ligands
Chemical signals released from one location that move to another location to produce a response.
Intracellular chemical signals
produced in one part of a cell and travel to another part of the same cell and bind to receptors
Intercellular chemical signals
Are released from one cell carried in the intercellular fluid and bind to receptors that are found in another cell.
Autocrine chemical signals
Released by cells and have a local effect on the same cell type. Chemicals secreted in response to inflammation.
Paracrine Chemical Signals
Signals are released by cells and have effects on other cell types. Somatostatin inhibiting the release of insulin
Pheremones
Secreted into the environment and modify behavior and physiology of other individuals
Neuromodulators and neurotransmitters
these chemical signals are secreted by nerve cells and aid the nervous system.
Intracellular Receptors
located in either the cytoplasm or the nucleus of the cell. Signlas diffuse across the cell membrane and bind to the receptor sites on intracullar recetpors
Membrane-Bound Receptors
Extend across the cell membrane, with their receptor sites on the outer surface of the cell membrane.
Receptors that directly alter membrane permeability
Never fiber endings binds to receptors that are part of the membrane channels for sodium ion
Receptors and G Proteins
G Proteins found on the inner surface of the plasma membrane and function as receptors of hormones.
Receptors that alter the activity of enzymes
Increase the activity of an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of glycogen
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Growth Hormone
Target: Most tissues
Response: Increase Protein Synthesis
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Target: Thyroid Gland
Response: Increase thyroid hormone secretions
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Andrenocorticotropic
Target: Adrenal Cortex
Response: Increase secretion of cortisol
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
Target: Melanocytes in skin
Response: Increases melanin production to make skin darker
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Luteinizing Hormone
Target: Females - Ovaries Males - Testes
Response: Females - Promotes ovulation Males - Promotes sperm cell production
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Target: Females - ovarian Follicles Males - Seminiferous tubules
Response: Females - Promotes follicle maturation Males - Promotes Sperm cell production
Anterior Pituitary Gland: Prolactin
Target: Ovary and Mammary Glands
Response: Prolongs progesterone secretion
Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone
Target: Most cells of the body
Response: increase metabolic rate
Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine
Target: Heart, Blood, Vessels, Liver, Adipose cells
Response: Increase cardiac output and blood flow
Pancreas: Insulin and Glucagon
Target: Liver, Skeletal, Muscles, and Adipose tissue
Response: Insulin - Increases uptake and use of glucose
Glucagon - Increase breakdown of glycogen
Aging and Hormones
The aging process affects hormone activity in one of three ways: secretion can decrease, remain unchanged, or increase
