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Anat & His > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What regulates the secretions of hormones

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)

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2
Q

HPA regulates secretion of hormones from which glands

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal

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3
Q

What is another word for pituitary

A

Hypophysis

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4
Q

When does a positive feedback loop occur

A

When the pituitary gland senses a decrease in the blood levels of a hormone produced by the target cell or tissue

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5
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Prevents the unregulated release of a hormone from the pituitary gland into the blood when the target cell or tissue may be non-responsive

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6
Q

Chemical structure of hormones

A

Amines- derived from amino acids (tryptophan, tryosine)
Peptides- derived from peptides (cystine, glycine)
Steroids- derived from cholesterol

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7
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

Where are hormones stored/ delivered after production

A

Pituitary gland

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9
Q

Where are RHs secreted

A

Hormones stored on anterior lobe of pituitary gland

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10
Q

What is ADH/ antiduiretic hormone also called

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

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11
Q

What is secreted on the posterior pituitary lobe

A

ADH

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12
Q

What gland lies superioly to kidneys

A

Suprarenal gland

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13
Q

Layers of suprarenal glands

A

Cortex
Medulla

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14
Q

What hormones are secreted in the cortex of suprarenal gland

A

(Corticosteroids)
CORTISOL
ALDOSTERONE
androgens

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15
Q

Hormones secreted by medulla of suprarenal gland

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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16
Q

What is aldosterone

A

An mineralocorticoid that plays a mohair role in blood pressure, ion and fluid balance

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17
Q

What triggers the positive feedback mechanism for secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

A

RAAS

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18
Q

When is the positive feedback triggered

A

When there is low blood pressure and low blood volume

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19
Q

When is negative feedback triggered

A

Once blood pressure, ion and fluid levels are back to normal

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20
Q

What is cortisol

A

A glucocorticoid that plays a role in the body’s response to stress

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21
Q

Explain how stress is relieved

A

1.CRF (corticotropin- releasing factor) is secreted from the hypothalamus into capillary plexus
2.CRF stimulates anterior pituitary lobe to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone)
3. ACTH stimulates secretion of cortisol from adrenal cortex

22
Q

Hormones contained by follicles of thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormones

23
Q

Secretions of thyroid gland

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (thyroxine)

24
Q

What secrets Calcitonin and its function

A

C cells
Decrease plasma calcium levels

25
Q

Function of C cells

A

Regulate blood calcium levels along with parathyroid hormone

26
Q

During the process of stress relief,what factor is secreted from hypothalamus

A

CRF

27
Q

Where is CRF secreted to from hypothalamus

A

Primary capillary plexus

28
Q

Which lobe of pituitary gland is stimulated by CRF
To secrete which hormone during stress relief?

A

Anterior
ACTH to secrete cortisol

29
Q

Summary of how cortisol is secreted

A

CRF to primary capillary plexus
ACTH to anterior lobe of pituitary
Cortisol secretion (adrenal cortex)

30
Q

Results of cortisol secretion

A

Gluconeogenesis
Protein mobilisation
Fat mobilisation
Stability of lysosomes

31
Q

What structures of thyroid gland contain thyroid hormones

A

Follicles

32
Q

Secretion of thyroid hormone

A

Stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

33
Q

Where is TRH released to

A

Median eminence of hypothalamic stalk

34
Q

What does release of TRH trigger

A

Secretion of TSH to stimulate T3 and T4

35
Q

What do T3 and T4 do after secretion

A

Bind to plasma proteins and get transported to target cells

36
Q

How does thyroid hormone act if target cells

A

Increase metabolic activity
Number and activity of mitochondria
Active transport of ions through membrane channels

37
Q

Pancreatic cells

A

Alpha- glucagon
Beta- insulin
Delta- somatostatin

38
Q

Inhibitory hormone of pancreas

A

Somatostatin

39
Q

Effects of insulin

A

Uses GLUT transporters for metabolism of carbs(glucose), proteins and fats

40
Q

Function of parathyroid hormone

A

Increase plasma calcium levels (opposite of calcitonin)

41
Q

Where are parathyroid glands located

A

Posterioly to thyroid gland

42
Q

Effects of parathyroid hormone

A

A drop in blood calcium triggers calcium sensing receptors to signal parathyroid glands to secrete PTH

43
Q

What does PTH do after secretion

A

Acts on kidneys to secrete active form of VITAMIN D
Bone mobilize calcium for blood raising calcium levels

44
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

Increase ABSORPTION of calcium by bone

45
Q

What does PTH do to phosphate levels and calcium levels

A

Decrease - phosphate
Increase- calcium

46
Q

Active form of vitamin D

A

Acts on intestines to increase calcium and phosphate absorption

47
Q

Amine hormones

A

T3+T4

48
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Produced on the anterior lobe of pituitary gland including insulin

49
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Aldosterone

50
Q

Aldosterone & cortisol

A

Mineralcorticoid & glucocorticoid

Anat & His (17 decks)

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