Endocrine Physiology

Question 1

What processes do hormones control?

Answer 1

• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Maintenance of Homeostasis
• Regulation of metabolism

Question 2

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 2

Endo=Bloodstream/Tissue

Exo=Through ducts to outside the body/body surfaces

Question 3

What are local vs circulating hormones?

Answer 3

1. Local: act locally (autocrine/paracrine)

2. Circulate: Through the blood to body

Question 4

What are some amino acid derivative hormones? (Tyrosine, Tryptophan)

Answer 4

1. Tyrosine: Thryroid hormones, catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.
2. Trypt: Seraatonin, Melatonin.

Question 5

What are peptide hormones? Most are synthesized as what? Examples?

Answer 5

Chains of amino acids.
Most are pro-hormones.
Glycoproteins are examples

Question 6

What are some Lipid derivative hormone examples? Derived from?

Answer 6

1. Eicosanoids: Derived from Arachidonic acid

2. Steroid hormones: Derived from cholesterol

Question 7

Which hormones last longer in circulation and why? Which last the least and why?

Answer 7

1. Lipid derived hormones because they are bound to specific transport proteins.
2. Free hormones, they are broken down faster

Question 8

Catecholamines characteristics? (Lipid soluble, plasma membrane, receptor proteins)?

Answer 8

• Not lipid soluble
• Can’t penetrate plasma membrane
• Extracellular receptors.

Question 9

Eicosanoids characteristics? (Lipid soluble, plasma membrane, receptor proteins)?

Answer 9

• Lipid Soluble
• Diffuse across plasma membrane
• Intracellular receptors

Question 10

What is the process of adenylate cyclase activation?

Answer 10

• Hormones binds to receptor
• G protein is activated
• G protein activates Adenylate Cyclase
• AC turned into cAMP

Question 11

What is the process of G protein and calcium?

Answer 11

• G protein opens Ca channels
• Activates PLC, DAG, and IP3
• All release calcium, which activates Calmodulin

Question 12

Endocrine reflexes can be triggered by what?

Answer 12

1. Humoral stimuli: Changes in composition of extracellular fluid.
2. Hormonal stimuli: Arrival or removal of hormones.
3. Neural stimuli: Arrival of neurotransmitters at neuroglandular junctions.

Question 13

What is a simple vs complex endocrine reflex?

Answer 13

1. Simple: Involves 1 hormone,

2. Complex: 2 or more hormones, Intermediary steps.

Question 14

What are antagonistic, synergistic, permissive, and integrative hormone interactions?

Answer 14

1. Antagonistic: actions oppose each other
2. Synergisitc: Actions enhance effects of each other
3. Permissive: one hormone is required for the other to function.
4. Integrative: Hormone action differs with differing target organs.