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Practice Topics Exam 5 > Endocrine Physiology 3 > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones include

A

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

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2
Q

Hormones released from the post pit are synthesized as

A

pre prohormones in magnocellular neurons located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the nypothalamus

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3
Q

Post pit hormone processign occurs as the

A

nuerosecretory vesicles are transported down the hypothalamic hypophysial tract

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4
Q

The other name for vasopressin is

A

Antidiuretic hormone or ADH

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5
Q

Argnine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - neurogenic (hypothalamic or central) diabetes insipidus

A

Problem in the hypothalamus or the connection btw the hypothalamus and the post pituitary

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6
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes inspidius is when diabetes is caused by

A

a problem in the kidneys themselves - can be mutation that impacts V2 receptors for ADH on collecting duct cells

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7
Q

Central DI - can be caused by

A

Tumors
Trauma
Surgery

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8
Q

Nephrogenic DI can be caused by

A

Renal diseases
ADH unresponsive kidney
Drugs (lithium)

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9
Q

Oxytocin is stimulated during

A

breast feeding and childbirth

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10
Q

Oxytocin is synthesized mainly in

A

the paraventricular nuclei (and also the supraoptic nuclei) of the hypothalamus

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11
Q

Oxytocin - main function

A

Stimulate milk let down and uterine contraction

Oxytocin will make you leak milk (not produce it)

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12
Q

Oxytocin - milk let down reflex

A

Afferent signals from the nipples of the mother’s breast when an infant suckles results in the release of oxytocin which then causes the milk let down reflex
The myoepithelial cells lining the breast ducts contract causing milk ejection

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13
Q

Oxytocin - by term of pregnancy, the mother’s uterus has experienced an

A

Upregulation in the number of oxytocin receptors
Distension of the cervix and contraction of the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin which results in pos feedback and the release of more oxytocin which further stimulates contraction of the uterus

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14
Q

Physiological functions of GH - General growth effects

A

Promotes inc size of cells

Promotes inc number of cells through inc mitosis

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15
Q

Physiological functions of GH - Metabolic effects of growth hormone

A

1 Inc rate of protein synthesis in most body cells
2 Inc release of fatty acid from adipose tissue with inc amount of fatty acid in blood which allows inc use of fatty acid for energy
3 Dec use of glucose throughout body (insulin resistance)

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16
Q

Physiological functions of GH - Effect of GH on bone growth

A

GH strongly stimulate oseoblasts

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17
Q

Physiological functions of GH - If person has excessive amount of GH before the growth plates close, then there is

A

Continued elongation of long bones and pt suffers from gigantism

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18
Q

Physiological functions of GH - If excessive release of GH occurs after the long bone growth plates have closed then

A

The pt develops acromegaly

long bones can’t grow but other things can, like hands and jaw

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19
Q

Physiological functions of GH - treatment of acromegaly

A

Main tx is currently drugs that are somatostatin analogues which inhibit the release of GH

Now there is also a drug that is a GH receptor antagonist - this drug reduces IGF and produces clinical improvement in pt who do not respond to other treatments

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20
Q

Physiological functions of GH - GH might exert much of its effects through the action of

A

Somatomedins which are also called insulin like growth factors (IGF)
4 types of Somatomedins with Somatomedin C being the most important

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21
Q

Physiological functions of GH - Panhypopituitarism

A

Congenital

Acquired from a pituitary tumor that destroys the pituitary gland

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22
Q

Physiological functions of GH - Dwarfism

A

Many diff kinds - some have normal normal GH secretion bu hereditary inability to form somatomedin C

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23
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

Extremely common
Found in about 1/6 autopsies - most don’t produce s/s

If they do - HA, diabetes, vision changes

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24
Q

Thyroid gland - function

A

Maintenance of energy homeostasis
Stimulate cell metabolism and activity
Important in development

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25
What is required to make thyroid hormone
Iodine
26
Thyroid gland - location
On the trachea below apple | Composed of two lobes interconnected with an isthmus
27
Thyroid gland - hormone secretion is under control of the
hypothalamus and pituitary
28
Thyroid gland - Thyroid hormones
Thyroglobulin is the storage form of T3 and T4 ``` T3 = Tri iodothyronine - more potent T4 = Thyroxine - less active (90% released from thyroid is T4) ```
29
Thyroid gland - Feedback mechanism provided by thyroid hormones T3 and T4 does what
inhibits thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion and prevents overstimulation
30
Thyroid hormone - and iodine
Most iodine is stored in they thyroid - 1% released with 75% of it in the form of thyroid hormones - helps protect people from iodine deficiency People with diets deficient in iodine can form iodine deficiency goiter
31
Thyroid hormone - expression of the gene for NIS is inhibited by ___ and stimulated by ____
Inhibited by iodide | Stimulated by TSH
32
Thyroid hormones - enter cells by
a carrier mediated energy temperature, and Na dependent process
33
Thyroid hormone action on cells has what metabolic impacts
INC BMR | Inc protein syntheis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, O2 consumption, Na/K ATPase, mitochondria
34
Thyroid hormone action on cells has what cardiac impacts
Inc CO, tissue blood flow, HR, Heart strength, RR
35
WIthout thyroid hormone during early infancy, what is consequence
CNS will not develop If you start to give them thyroid hormone, bone age and height will inc, but the mental age will not (treatment started at age 4.5)
36
Causes of congenital hypothyroidism
Maternal iodine deficiency Fetal thyroid dysgenesis Inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis Maternal antithyroid antibodies that cross the placenta Fetal hypopituitary hypothyroidism
37
Too much thyroid hormone =
You increase adrenergic receptors on your heart (get twitchy heart) Every time you are put under stress, you inc release of adrenergic and your heart will react
38
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism Too much thyroid hormone, but their TSH is low They are making antibodies that bind to the TSH receptor in the thyroid though so the thyroid thinks it is responding to TSH
39
S/s of graves disease
``` Exopthalamos Goiter CV - tachy, palpitations, a fib Weight loss Heat intolerance Mm weak Fatigue OP Pretibial myxedema ```
40
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism Caused by autoimmune antibodies directed against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase In the world, Iodine deficiency is most common cause of hypothy But in US is Hashimoto
41
S/s of hypothyroidism
``` Low mental energy Periorbital edema Goiter Constipation Cold dry skin Intolerance to cold Bradycardia Reflex slow to relax ```
42
If extremely low thyroid function - what can develop
Myxedema Non pitting edema of face Bags under eyes and swelling of the face
43
Adrenal gland sits where
on top of the kidney
44
Adrenal gland secretes what hormones
Glucocorticoid hormones - Cortisol, Corticosterone Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone Androgenic steroids - DHEA
45
Adrenal gland - cortisol is released in response to
physical, mental, and metabolic stress
46
Adrenal gland - cortisol does what to plasma glucose level
Increases it!
47
Adrenal gland - cortisol - circulating cortisol levels provide
normal feedback signal inhibiting CRH and ACTH
48
Addison's disease
Hypoadrenalism (primary adrenal insufficiency) Can be from adrenal atrophy or injury to the adrenal cortices
49
Addisons disease - decrease in adrenal cortex hormones secondary to impaired fucntion of pituitay - damage to pituitary can causer
Severe decrease in ACTH and atrophy of adrenals
50
What is controller of cortisol
ACTH (not aldosterone)
51
Cushings syndrome
Hyperadrenalism ``` Central and generalized obesity Dorsal kyphosis Moon face Hirsutism Enlarged supraclavicular fat pads ```
52
Adrenal medulla releases what
Epinephrine (80%) | Norepinephrine (20%)
53
Adrenal cortex vs. medulla
Cortex - making cortisol and sex hormones and aldosterone Medulla - Epi and NE and responding as part of SNS
54
Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - B cells
Insulin is big one
55
Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - A cells
Glucagon is big one
56
Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - D cells
Somatostatin
57
Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - Gamma or PP cells
Pancreatic polypeptide
58
Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - Epsilon cells
Ghrelin
59
Insulin is considered
A fuel storage hormone Promotes the storage of glucose and fatty acids
60
Actions of glucagon
Considered the fuel mobilization hormone Glucagon is stimulated by low blood glucose
61
Clinically important complications of diabetes mellitus
Macrovascular complications Microvascular complications Neural complications
62
Trousseau's sign
Tetany?
63
Chvostek's sign
A sign of latent tetany associated with hypocalcemia | Contraction of mm of the eye, mouth or nose elicited by tapping over the facial nerve in front of the ear
64
Which endocrine gland works with Ca
Parathyroid (PTH)
65
Parathyroid (PTH) is synthesized by
synthesized and secreted by chief cells
66
If Ca levels go down, what happens with PTH
You want to release more parathyroid | The higher the free Ca, the lower the parathyroid hormone
67
Parthyroid and the kidney
Parathyroid makes the kidney lose phosphate
68
What is a way of decreasing Ca
Calcitonin | Calcitonin is stimulated by an inc in plasma Ca
69
Hyperparathyroidism
Most cases are from parathyroid tumors that cause hypersecretion Elevated PTH - inc bone reabsoprtion, renal Ca reabsoprtion and active vit D All of these can cause hypercalcemia
70
Hypoparathyroidism
Usually result of thyroid or parathyroid surgery The lack of parathyroid hormone reduces formation of active vit D, dec renal Ca reabs, alters bone resorption Hypocalcemia develops and low plasma Ca levels inc neuronal and mm cell excitiation (twitching, cramping, tetany)

Practice Topics Exam 5 (13 decks)

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