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Practice Topics Exam 5 > Endocrine Physiology 3 > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones include

A

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

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2
Q

Hormones released from the post pit are synthesized as

A

pre prohormones in magnocellular neurons located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the nypothalamus

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3
Q

Post pit hormone processign occurs as the

A

nuerosecretory vesicles are transported down the hypothalamic hypophysial tract

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4
Q

The other name for vasopressin is

A

Antidiuretic hormone or ADH

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5
Q

Argnine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - neurogenic (hypothalamic or central) diabetes insipidus

A

Problem in the hypothalamus or the connection btw the hypothalamus and the post pituitary

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6
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes inspidius is when diabetes is caused by

A

a problem in the kidneys themselves - can be mutation that impacts V2 receptors for ADH on collecting duct cells

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7
Q

Central DI - can be caused by

A

Tumors
Trauma
Surgery

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8
Q

Nephrogenic DI can be caused by

A

Renal diseases
ADH unresponsive kidney
Drugs (lithium)

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9
Q

Oxytocin is stimulated during

A

breast feeding and childbirth

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10
Q

Oxytocin is synthesized mainly in

A

the paraventricular nuclei (and also the supraoptic nuclei) of the hypothalamus

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11
Q

Oxytocin - main function

A

Stimulate milk let down and uterine contraction

Oxytocin will make you leak milk (not produce it)

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12
Q

Oxytocin - milk let down reflex

A

Afferent signals from the nipples of the mother’s breast when an infant suckles results in the release of oxytocin which then causes the milk let down reflex
The myoepithelial cells lining the breast ducts contract causing milk ejection

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13
Q

Oxytocin - by term of pregnancy, the mother’s uterus has experienced an

A

Upregulation in the number of oxytocin receptors
Distension of the cervix and contraction of the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin which results in pos feedback and the release of more oxytocin which further stimulates contraction of the uterus

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14
Q

Physiological functions of GH - General growth effects

A

Promotes inc size of cells

Promotes inc number of cells through inc mitosis

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15
Q

Physiological functions of GH - Metabolic effects of growth hormone

A

1 Inc rate of protein synthesis in most body cells
2 Inc release of fatty acid from adipose tissue with inc amount of fatty acid in blood which allows inc use of fatty acid for energy
3 Dec use of glucose throughout body (insulin resistance)

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16
Q

Physiological functions of GH - Effect of GH on bone growth

A

GH strongly stimulate oseoblasts

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17
Q

Physiological functions of GH - If person has excessive amount of GH before the growth plates close, then there is

A

Continued elongation of long bones and pt suffers from gigantism

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18
Q

Physiological functions of GH - If excessive release of GH occurs after the long bone growth plates have closed then

A

The pt develops acromegaly

long bones can’t grow but other things can, like hands and jaw

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19
Q

Physiological functions of GH - treatment of acromegaly

A

Main tx is currently drugs that are somatostatin analogues which inhibit the release of GH

Now there is also a drug that is a GH receptor antagonist - this drug reduces IGF and produces clinical improvement in pt who do not respond to other treatments

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20
Q

Physiological functions of GH - GH might exert much of its effects through the action of

A

Somatomedins which are also called insulin like growth factors (IGF)
4 types of Somatomedins with Somatomedin C being the most important

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21
Q

Physiological functions of GH - Panhypopituitarism

A

Congenital

Acquired from a pituitary tumor that destroys the pituitary gland

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22
Q

Physiological functions of GH - Dwarfism

A

Many diff kinds - some have normal normal GH secretion bu hereditary inability to form somatomedin C

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23
Q

Pituitary adenoma

A

Extremely common
Found in about 1/6 autopsies - most don’t produce s/s

If they do - HA, diabetes, vision changes

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24
Q

Thyroid gland - function

A

Maintenance of energy homeostasis
Stimulate cell metabolism and activity
Important in development

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25
Q

What is required to make thyroid hormone

A

Iodine

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26
Q

Thyroid gland - location

A

On the trachea below apple

Composed of two lobes interconnected with an isthmus

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27
Q

Thyroid gland - hormone secretion is under control of the

A

hypothalamus and pituitary

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28
Q

Thyroid gland - Thyroid hormones

A

Thyroglobulin is the storage form of T3 and T4

T3 = Tri iodothyronine - more potent 
T4 = Thyroxine - less active (90% released from thyroid is T4)
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29
Q

Thyroid gland - Feedback mechanism provided by thyroid hormones T3 and T4 does what

A

inhibits thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion and prevents overstimulation

30
Q

Thyroid hormone - and iodine

A

Most iodine is stored in they thyroid - 1% released with 75% of it in the form of thyroid hormones - helps protect people from iodine deficiency
People with diets deficient in iodine can form iodine deficiency goiter

31
Q

Thyroid hormone - expression of the gene for NIS is inhibited by ___ and stimulated by ____

A

Inhibited by iodide

Stimulated by TSH

32
Q

Thyroid hormones - enter cells by

A

a carrier mediated energy temperature, and Na dependent process

33
Q

Thyroid hormone action on cells has what metabolic impacts

A

INC BMR

Inc protein syntheis, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, O2 consumption, Na/K ATPase, mitochondria

34
Q

Thyroid hormone action on cells has what cardiac impacts

A

Inc CO, tissue blood flow, HR, Heart strength, RR

35
Q

WIthout thyroid hormone during early infancy, what is consequence

A

CNS will not develop

If you start to give them thyroid hormone, bone age and height will inc, but the mental age will not (treatment started at age 4.5)

36
Q

Causes of congenital hypothyroidism

A

Maternal iodine deficiency
Fetal thyroid dysgenesis
Inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis
Maternal antithyroid antibodies that cross the placenta
Fetal hypopituitary hypothyroidism

37
Q

Too much thyroid hormone =

A

You increase adrenergic receptors on your heart (get twitchy heart)
Every time you are put under stress, you inc release of adrenergic and your heart will react

38
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroidism
Too much thyroid hormone, but their TSH is low
They are making antibodies that bind to the TSH receptor in the thyroid though so the thyroid thinks it is responding to TSH

39
Q

S/s of graves disease

A 
Exopthalamos
Goiter
CV - tachy, palpitations, a fib
Weight loss
Heat intolerance 
Mm weak
Fatigue
OP
Pretibial myxedema
40
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Hypothyroidism
Caused by autoimmune antibodies directed against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase

In the world, Iodine deficiency is most common cause of hypothy
But in US is Hashimoto

41
Q

S/s of hypothyroidism

A 
Low mental energy
Periorbital edema
Goiter
Constipation
Cold dry skin
Intolerance to cold
Bradycardia
Reflex slow to relax
42
Q

If extremely low thyroid function - what can develop

A

Myxedema
Non pitting edema of face
Bags under eyes and swelling of the face

43
Q

Adrenal gland sits where

A

on top of the kidney

44
Q

Adrenal gland secretes what hormones

A

Glucocorticoid hormones - Cortisol, Corticosterone
Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
Androgenic steroids - DHEA

45
Q

Adrenal gland - cortisol is released in response to

A

physical, mental, and metabolic stress

46
Q

Adrenal gland - cortisol does what to plasma glucose level

A

Increases it!

47
Q

Adrenal gland - cortisol - circulating cortisol levels provide

A

normal feedback signal inhibiting CRH and ACTH

48
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Hypoadrenalism (primary adrenal insufficiency)

Can be from adrenal atrophy or injury to the adrenal cortices

49
Q

Addisons disease - decrease in adrenal cortex hormones secondary to impaired fucntion of pituitay - damage to pituitary can causer

A

Severe decrease in ACTH and atrophy of adrenals

50
Q

What is controller of cortisol

A

ACTH (not aldosterone)

51
Q

Cushings syndrome

A

Hyperadrenalism

Central and generalized obesity 
Dorsal kyphosis
Moon face
Hirsutism 
Enlarged supraclavicular fat pads
52
Q

Adrenal medulla releases what

A

Epinephrine (80%)

Norepinephrine (20%)

53
Q

Adrenal cortex vs. medulla

A

Cortex - making cortisol and sex hormones and aldosterone

Medulla - Epi and NE and responding as part of SNS

54
Q

Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - B cells

A

Insulin is big one

55
Q

Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - A cells

A

Glucagon is big one

56
Q

Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - D cells

A

Somatostatin

57
Q

Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - Gamma or PP cells

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

58
Q

Islet of langerhans hormone secretion - Epsilon cells

A

Ghrelin

59
Q

Insulin is considered

A

A fuel storage hormone

Promotes the storage of glucose and fatty acids

60
Q

Actions of glucagon

A

Considered the fuel mobilization hormone

Glucagon is stimulated by low blood glucose

61
Q

Clinically important complications of diabetes mellitus

A

Macrovascular complications
Microvascular complications
Neural complications

62
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Tetany?

63
Q

Chvostek’s sign

A

A sign of latent tetany associated with hypocalcemia

Contraction of mm of the eye, mouth or nose elicited by tapping over the facial nerve in front of the ear

64
Q

Which endocrine gland works with Ca

A

Parathyroid (PTH)

65
Q

Parathyroid (PTH) is synthesized by

A

synthesized and secreted by chief cells

66
Q

If Ca levels go down, what happens with PTH

A

You want to release more parathyroid

The higher the free Ca, the lower the parathyroid hormone

67
Q

Parthyroid and the kidney

A

Parathyroid makes the kidney lose phosphate

68
Q

What is a way of decreasing Ca

A

Calcitonin

Calcitonin is stimulated by an inc in plasma Ca

69
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Most cases are from parathyroid tumors that cause hypersecretion

Elevated PTH - inc bone reabsoprtion, renal Ca reabsoprtion and active vit D
All of these can cause hypercalcemia

70
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Usually result of thyroid or parathyroid surgery
The lack of parathyroid hormone reduces formation of active vit D, dec renal Ca reabs, alters bone resorption

Hypocalcemia develops and low plasma Ca levels inc neuronal and mm cell excitiation (twitching, cramping, tetany)

Practice Topics Exam 5 (13 decks)

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