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Practice Topics Exam 5 > Endocrine Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical location of the principal endocrine glands and tissues of the body

A 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland 
Pineal gland
Parathyroid glands
Thyroud glands
Thymus gland
Stomach
Adrenal galnds
Pancreas
Kidney
Adipose tissue
Small Intestine
Ovaries
Testes
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2
Q

Chemical signaling methods are used by both ___ system and ___ system

A

Nervous system and Endocrine system

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3
Q

Synaptic is used by

A

Nervous system only - Ns

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4
Q

Neuroendocrine =

A

cells that have major features of neurons but release hormones into the blood to affect non neuronal tissue (different organ)
Ex - cells of the hypothalamus that secrete releasing hormones that act on the ant pituitary

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5
Q

Autocrine =

A

Autoreceptors on nerve cells that respond to a NT released by a cell
Cells secrete chemicals into interstitial fluid that bind to surface receptors of the cell that secreted it (ex - GH)

One cell is right next to the cell and acting on it and it can talk to itself

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6
Q

Paracrine =

A

Many autonomic synapses onto target cells
Endocrine cells can release hormones into the interstitial fluid that act on nearby cells

Nearby cells!

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7
Q

Endocrine =

A

Classic meaning of hormone as substance secreted into blood that carries it to the target tissue

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8
Q

True hormones (endocrine secretions) are released by

A

Ductless galnds and are carried by the bloodstream to their sites of action

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9
Q

Hormones are often classified according to

A

their chemical structure

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10
Q

Polypeptides with less than 100 amino acids are called

A

Peptides

Ex - oxytocin

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11
Q

In general polypeptides with more than 100 amino acids are calls

A

Proteins

Ex - GH

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12
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

Amine hormones are derived from

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

Thyroid hormones are classified as

A

Amine hormones

But keep in mind that they are different because they contain iodine

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15
Q

Peptide hormones and water

A

Peptide hormones are water soluble - so they easily enter the circulatory system for transport to their target organs

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16
Q

Steroids are ___ soluble

A

Lipid
So they are not stored in vesicles
Once they are synthesized, they diffuse across the cell membrane into the interstitial fluid and then the blood

Cortisol, Aldosterone, Testosterone, Estradiol

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17
Q

Amine hormone synthesis - NE and Epinephrine are synthesized in the

A

adrenal medulla

Derived from tyrosine

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18
Q

Mechanism of action of hormones - hormones have to bind to

A

their specific receptor on or in their target cell

So - only target cells (those having the hormone receptors for a specific hormone) will respond to that hormone

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19
Q

Mechanism of action of hormones - Water soluble hormones bind to

A

receptors on the cell membrane

Ex of water soluble = protein, peptide, catecholamine

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20
Q

Mechanism of action of hormones - Lipid soluble hormones bind to

A

Receptors in the cell cytoplasm or in the cell nucleus

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21
Q

Where do we make proteins and where are they packaged up

A

Make them in the ER

Package in the golgi

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22
Q

Determining the level of free hormones circulating in the bloodstream - Free hormones equilabrate with

A

The forms that are bound (inactive) to either receptors or plasma carrier proteins

You want things bound so that they do not filter through the glomerulus

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23
Q

Types of NT receptors

A

Ligand gated ion channels

G protein coupled receptors

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24
Q

Leptin uses what kind of receptor

A

Enzyme linked receptor

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25
Q

Receptor for a hormone

Hormones that use it

A

G protein coupled receptor

Glucagon, Angiotensin, GnRH, SS, GHRH, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH

Epi, NE (amino acid derived)

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26
Q

Different types of hormone receptors - Intracellular receptors

A

Can be soluble receptor proteins found in the cytosol or in the nucleus

Ex - thyroid hormone receptor is located in the nucleus where it is bound to DNA and it represses transcription when there is no hormone bound to it

When hormone binds to it, it stimulates transcription of thyroid hormone

27
Q

Different types of hormone receptors - Steroid receptors

A

Cannot bind to DNA in the absence of the hormone
Once the steroid binds to its receptor the complex moves into the nucleus where it binds to its specific responsive element on the DNA and initiates transcrition

28
Q

Different types of hormone receptors - Steroid receptors - examples of hormones that use steroid receptors

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone

29
Q

Physiological response driven negative feedback loop example

A

Say lots of glucose circulating in blood
Goes throughout body and specifically to pancreas
Pancreas (endocrine gland) secretes hormone that then goes to target organ
And then physiological effect of taking up glucose
Gives result of having less circulating glucose
So this is negative feedback to the endocrine gland

30
Q

Endocrine axis =

A

Pituitary is the middle of it

31
Q

Endocrine axis driven negative feedback example

A

Hypothalamus telling the pituitary what to do
Pituitary to endocrine glands that tells them to release their hormone

Hypothalamus - releasing hormone - pit gland - tropic hormone - endocrine gland - hormone

32
Q

Tropic hormone =

A

Acts on another endocrine gland and makes it grow or secrete

Acts on a peripheral gland that makes a hormone

33
Q

What is the biggest difference with physiological vs. endocrine negative feedback

A

Physiological - the target organ gives the negative feedback

Endocrine - target organ does not feedback, it is the hormone and/or the pituitary gland providing negative feedback

34
Q

Types of endocrine axis driven negative feedback

A

Ultra short loop
Short loop
Long loop

35
Q

Types of endocrine axis driven feedback - Ultra short loop

A

when the hypothalamus talks to itself

36
Q

Endocrine axis loop?

A

Releasing factor acts on the anterior pituitary that releases a tropic hormone that then acts on the target organ which then releases a hormone

37
Q

Types of endocrine axis driven feedback - Short loop

A

Feedback of ant pituitary back onto the hypothalamus

38
Q

Types of endocrine axis driven feedback - Long loop

A 
Target organ (testosterone)  on the hypothalamus (think testicles to hypothalamus - pretty far haha) 
Even Target organ to anterior pituitary would be long loop too
39
Q

Types of endocrine axis driven feedback - Complex multi level feedback

A

A lot of things acting in your bran that impact the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is either exciting or inhibiting the ant/post pituitary which release hormones that act on the target organs which release their own hormones
Then these can go back and act on the ant/post pituitary

40
Q

Circadian clock - what is it

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

41
Q

Hormones throughout the day

A

It matters when people get their hormone levels checked and what their circadian rhythm is!
What is normal for midnight may be incredibly low for 8am

42
Q

GH - circadian rhythm

A

GH is especially powerful during strenuous exercise and also during the first few hours of deep sleep

43
Q

Hormone degradation - we don’t want hormones in the blood stream forever - we keep them around longer - Steady state concentration

A

We can control their rate of synthesis
Balance of synthesis and degredation determines the steady state concentration of a hormone
Because of complicated feedback mechanisms of the endocrine system - we can normally inc synthesis enough to compensate for inc degredation

44
Q

Hormone degradation - we don’t want hormones in the blood stream forever - we keep them around longer - how do we get rid of them?

A

Liver is the most important site for degredation of most hormones (put them in bile)
Kidney is also important since it can excrete degraded products and sometimes intact hormones

45
Q

Liver and kidney disease can impact

A

endocrine function by altering rates of degredation and/or excretion
Various drugs can also alter normal rates of hormone degredation

46
Q

Median eminence is

A

In the hypothalamus

47
Q

Anterior pituitary is located where

A

under the optic chiasm

48
Q

Anterior vs. Posterior pituitary size

A

Anterior is larger

49
Q

Anterior pituitary AKA

A

Adenohypophysis

50
Q

Posterior pituitary AKA

A

Neurohypophysis

51
Q

Hypothalamus is located

A

in the floor and walls of the third ventricle

Part of the diencephalon

52
Q

Anterior pituitary has a direct vascular link with the

A

hypothalamus

53
Q

Posterior pituitary is comprised largely of

A

Endings of axons of neurons whose cell bodies are in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

54
Q

Posterior pituitary is connected to the

A

hypothalamus by the hypothalamohypophysial tract

55
Q

Pituitary is encased in

A

A tough capsule of dura which is in the bony sella turcica

56
Q

The area of the hypothalamus where the portal vessels arise is the

A

median eminence

57
Q

Primary vascular plexus is in the

A

hypothalamus with part in the median eminence

other plexus in ant pituitary

58
Q

Hormone secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland - Cell types

A 
Somatotrope
Lactotrope
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonadotrope
59
Q

Hormone secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland - Cell types - Somatotrope secretes what hormone? And what percentage?

A

Somatotrope secretes Growth Hormone

50% (the most)

60
Q

Hormone secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland - Cell types - Lactotropes secrete what hormone? and what percentage?

A

Lactotropes secrete prolactin

10-30%

61
Q

Hormone secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland - Cell types - Corticotropes secrete what hormone? and what percentage?

A

ACTH

10%

62
Q

Hormone secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland - Cell types - Thyrotrope secretes what hormone and what percentage

A

TSH

5%

63
Q

Hormone secreting cells of the anterior pituitary gland - Cell types - Gonadotrope secretes what hormones and what percentage

A

FSH and LH

20%

Practice Topics Exam 5 (13 decks)

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