Endocrine Physiology 2 Flashcards by Alex Stein

Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors (hypophysiotrophic hormones) affect

the release of the ant pituitary hormones

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The ___ partially controls the release of the ant pituitary hormones through ___

Hypothalmus 
Through the releasing and inhibiting factors it puts into the portal system to the ant pituitary 
These factors (except dopamine) are peptides

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Hypothalamic factors include

CRH for control of ACTH
TRH for control of TSH 
Hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone for control of FSH and LH
GHRH
Somatostatin
Dopamine (prolactin inhibiting factor)

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Anterior pituitary gland is controlled by

releasing and inhibitory hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal circulation
These hormones reach the ant pit directly through this portal circulation without going into general circulation

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Specific secretory cell types of the ant pituitary secrete 6 major tropic hormones - what are they

TSH*
ACTH*
FSH*
LH*
Prolactin - not really tropic
GH - has tropic and non tropic effects

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Neurons in the hypothalamus synthesize what

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Hormones are transported to the post pit for release

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Anterior pit is an ___ ___

endocrine gland

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Ant pit is controlled by

Releasing and inhibitory hormones that pass from the hypothalamus to the ant pituitary by a vascular hypothalmic hypophyseal portal system

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Tropic hormones

Endocrine gland is itself a target organ for another hormone

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Adrenocorticotrophic hormone is made in the

corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary

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Adrenocorticotrophic hormone is AKA

ACTH or Corticotropin

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Famous function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or Corticotropin)

Famous thing is stress (can be physical, emotion, chemical, or others)

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Function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or Corticotropin) - Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of what

Adrenocortical hormones including

Cortisol
Androgens
Aldosterone

All secreted by the adrenal cortex

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Main effect of ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or Corticotropin)

Stimulation of cortisol synthesis and secretion

At physiological levels, little or no effect on aldosterone secretion rate form the adrenal glands

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ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or Corticotropin) - ACTH - Primary adrenal insufficiency

melanotropin receptors on melanocytes and accelerate melanin synthesis
Primary adrenal insufficiency can cause hyperpigmentation because ant pit makes excessive ACTH since feedback inhibition by cortisol does not occur

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ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or Corticotropin) - Androgens

DO NOT feedback inhibit ACTH secretion

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ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or Corticotropin) - What causes the release of ACTH

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus (RH will always be from hypothalamus)

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ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or Corticotropin) - What causes the release of ACTH? What causes release of that?

Release of CRH is stimulated by psychological or physical stress
CRH from hypo causes ACTH secretion from ant pit

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Prolactin - tropic?

Not technically - because it makes the breast develop tissue that is necessary to make milk - it does not act on another gland like most tropic hormones do

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Prolactin plays important role in

Normal development of mammary tissue and in milk production

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Main release of prolactin is through

Inhibitory mechanism by dopamine

Release of prolactin is under negative control by the hypothalamic dopamine

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What stimulates the release of prolactin

Sucking - there is a dec in the release of dopamine so it has a positive effect on the release of prolactin

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Prolactin - inhibition of its release

Prolactin inhibits its own release by stimulating dopamine release from the hypothalamus

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Prolactin abbreviation is

PRL

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Prolactin is produced by what

Lactotropes of the ant pituitary

Sheehan syndrome AKA

Postpartum hypopituitarism

Sheehan syndrome - describe

Pituitary approx doubles in size with normal pregnancy - this inc the needed blood supply If pt becomes hypotensive due to post partum hemorrhage pituitary is thus more likely to suffer ischemia

Release of prolactin (PRL) is predominantly under

Tonic inhibition by the hypothalamic hormone called prolactin inhibiting hormone

Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) is what

the catecholamine dopamine

What stimulates the release of prolactin

Hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

Inhibiting action of dopamine vs. stimulating effect of TRH (on prolactn)

Inhibiting action of dopamine is stronger than the stimulating effect of TRH

Damage to the portal blood circulation which prevents dopamine and TRH from reaching the ant pit will result n

Increased release of prolactin | If dopamine reaching the ant pit decreases, then prolactin release inc

So a tumor compressing the pit stalk will cause (in relation to PRL)

hyperprolactinemia

PRL inhibits what

Ovulation in F Spermatogenesis in M By inhibiting gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesis and release from hypothalamus

Excessive prolactin release causes

Infertility

Thyroid stimulating hormone is abbreviated hoe

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced in the

thyrotrophs of the ant pituitary

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is AKA

thyrotropin

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - Function

Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones called Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) also stimulates the growth of

thyroid tissue | Can result in goiter formation under conditions of constant TSH release

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - what stimulates the secretion of it

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) stimualtes the release of

TSH and PRL

Leutinizing hormone is abbreviated how

Follicle stimulating hormone is abbreviated how

FSH

LH and FSH stimulate

gonadal production of sex steroids which mediate reproductive function and bx

Adrenocroticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates

the adrenal glands to produce steroid hormones which regulate water and Na balance, inflammation and metabolism

Prolactin stimulates

breast development and milk production

Growth hormone exerts

Direct effects on tissue growth and differentiation and indirect effects through stimulation of insulin like growth factor 1 production (which mediates some of the growth and differentiation effects of GH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is synthesized by

the gonadotropes of the ant pit

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - its release is under the control of

Gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - function

F - cause growth of follicles in ovaries | M - causes sperm maturation

Leutinizing hormone (LH) is synthesized by

Gonadotropes of the ant pit

Leutinizing hormone (LH) - its release is under the control of

Gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus

Leutinizing hormone (LH) - Function

F - stimulation o fovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries M - stimulation of testosterone synthesis in testes

Growth Hormone (GH) is made by the

somatotropes of the ant pit

Growth Hormone (GH) is AKA

Somatotropic hormone or somatotropin

Release of Growth Hormone (GH) is controlled by

2 opposing hypothalamic hormones that are released into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation GHRH and GHIH Growth hormone releasing hormone Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (AKA somatostatin)

Growth Hormone (GH) - third regulator of GH secretion

Ghrelin - predominantly in stomach but is also secreted by the pancreas, kidney, liver and arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus

Growth Hormone (GH) - third regulator of GH secretion - Ghrelin binds to

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) = growth hormone release inducing

Growth Hormone (GH) - Function

Stimualtes protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues Stimulates production of insulin like growth factors (IGF) IGF AKA somatomedins