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Veterinary Pharmacology > Endocrine Pharmacology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system? What are the 7 major organs in this system?

A

group of organs/glands that release hormones into circulation to regulate various physiological functions

  1. hypothalamus
  2. pituitary gland
  3. parathyroid glands
  4. thyroid glands
  5. adrenal glands
  6. ovaries/testes
  7. pancreas
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2
Q

What is the origin, transport, target, action, duration, and response of hormones?

A

ORIGIN = endocrine glands
TRANSPORT = blood
TARGET = distal and local organs
ACTION = slow
DURATION = short and long-lived
RESPONSE = involuntary

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3
Q

What is the origin, transport, target, action, duration, and response of neurotransmitters?

A

ORIGIN = neurons of NS
TRANSPORT = neurons
TARGET = local receptors on neurons
ACTION = fast
DURATION = short-lived
RESPONSE = voluntary and involuntary

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4
Q

In what 3 ways do hormones and neurotransmitters overlap?

A
  1. chemicals with specific functions
  2. have receptor sites in target cells
  3. regulate each other with feedback systems
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5
Q

What are the 3 main examples of neurohormones?

A
  1. noradrenaline
  2. dopamine
  3. oxytocin

have characteristics of both hormones and neurotransmitters

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6
Q

What hormones are released by the 6 organs of the endocrine system?

A
  1. hypothalamus - GnRH
  2. pituitary gland - GH, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, PRL, ADH, oxytocin
  3. thyroid - thyroxine, triiodothyronine, PTH
  4. pancreas - insulin, glucagon
  5. adrenal gland - adrenalin, corticosteroids
  6. ovary/testicles - testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
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7
Q

What do hormones do? What are 5 specific functions?

A

control the functions of all organs by affecting diverse processes of growth and development, reproduction, sexual characteristics, temperature, and hunger

  1. send chemical signals all over the body
  2. play a role in the development on bones and muscles
  3. necessary in bodily changes, like puberty
  4. control metabolism
  5. aid in the upkeep of homeostasis
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8
Q

What are the 3 classifications of hormones? What are they made of? What are some examples?

A

STEROIDS - lipids (easily pass cell membrane)
- cholesterol, progesterone, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

AMINES - tyrosine
- thyroxine, catecholamines, melatonin

PEPTIDES/PROTEINS - linked amino acids (charged and water-soluble, harder time crossing cell membrane and bind to surface receptors)
- insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin (ADH), GH

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9
Q

How are drugs used to treat hormonal imbalances?

A

drugs that produce hormone-like effects (agonists) can treat endocrine hypofunction

drugs that inhibit hormone synthesis or block receptors (antagonists) can treat endocrine hyperfunction

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10
Q

What does the pituitary gland do? What 7 hormones does it produce?

A

regulates other glands such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, and breasts by releasing hormones that regulate and control other hormones

  1. GH - stimulates growth and repair
  2. ACTH - stimulates adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids
  3. TSH - stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroxine
  4. ADH - controls water retention by the kidneys
  5. oxytocin - uterine contraction, milk production
  6. LH and FSH - reproductive functions
  7. PRL - stimulates the breasts to produce milk
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11
Q

What are 3 possible causes of decreased hormone release by the pituitary gland?

A
  1. hypopituitarism (pituitary dwarfism)
  2. acquired growth hormone deficiency
  3. neoplasia
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12
Q

What 3 diseases result from hypersecretion of pituitary hormones?

A
  1. acromegaly - excess GH
  2. Cushing’s syndrome - excess ACTH increases cortisol from adrenal glands
  3. galactorrhea - excess PRL
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13
Q

What causes diabetes insipidus?

A

vasopressin (ADH) deficiency or vasopressin receptor abnormality

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14
Q

What is Cushing’s disease? How does it compare in dogs and cats? What are some symptoms?

A

increased cortisol typically caused by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland causing an increase in ACTH release

affects 80-90% of dogs and is less common in cats

  • weight gain
  • fatigue
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • premature osteoporosis
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15
Q

What is galactorrhea?

A

lactation without pregnancy
(can occur in males)

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16
Q

How does growth hormone signaling occur?

A
  • GH or growth inhibitors bind to tyrosine kinase receptors on the membrane of cells
  • receptors dimerize and undergo transphosphorylation
  • this activates JAK/STAT signaling
  • receptors in the nucleus then bind to DNA and cause the transcription of insulin growth factor-1, which causes cell growth/division
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17
Q

What drug is used as an agonistic growth hormone agent? What are the 2 results?

A

GH (somatotropin)

  1. promotes the growth of all body tissues (bone, muscle, mammary glands)
  2. promotes lipolysis
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18
Q

What growth hormone agent is typically used in dairy cattle? What does it do?

A

Sometribove (Posilac), bovine somatotropin (bST)

promotes milk production

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19
Q

What drug is used as an antagonistic growth hormone agent? What does it do? How?

A

somatostatin

inhibits pituitary gland secretion of GH and TSH

binds to somatostatin receptors in cells of the stomach, intestine, and pancreas

20
Q

What are the adrenal glands? What are the 3 steps to their activation?

A

homeostatic organs that regulate reactions to stress

  1. stimuli (trauma, stress, chemicals) cause the hypothalamus to release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. CRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH
  3. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to proliferate and produce corticosteroids
21
Q

What are the 2 main classes of endogenous corticosteroids? What other 2 hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?

A
  1. glucocorticoids - metabolism and immunity; cortisol
  2. mineralocorticoids - sodium and water retention; aldosterone
  • adrenaline (EPI)
  • androgens
22
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

adrenal dysfunction - hypoadrenocorticism caused as a result of insufficient adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone secretion most common in yount to middle-aged dogs and occasionally in horses

23
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

adrenal dysfunction - hyperadrenocorticism in dogs caused by the overproduction of cortisol due to hypersecretion of ACTH from the pituitary gland

24
Q

What are tumors of the adrenal glands called? What do they commonly cause?

A

pheochromocytoma - dogs and cats

excessive production of catecholamines, resulting in hypertension

25
Q

What are corticosteroids? What effects do they have?

A

class of steroid hormones that are synthetic analogs of cortisol produced by adrenal glands

  • CNS
  • cardiovascular
  • skeletal muscle
  • blood cells and lymphoid tissue
  • immunological
  • anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive
  • metabolism
  • electrolytes, water balance
26
Q

What is the cellular mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?

A
  • bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin
  • disassociates and binds to glucocorticoid receptor within the cell
  • enters nucleus and binds to either pGRE or nGRE
  • binding to pGRE causes the production of anti-inflammatory proteins, gluconeogenesis, and muscle, fat, and connective tissue catabolism
27
Q

How are short-acting corticosteroids used? What are 3 examples?

A

treats pruritus and inflammation associated with allergy

  1. hydrocortisone
  2. cortisone
  3. fludrocortisone (MC)
28
Q

How are intermediate-acting corticosteroids used? What are 4 examples?

A

long-term control of allergies, chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, and lymphoma control

  1. prednisone
  2. prednisolone
  3. methylprednisolone
  4. triamcinolone
29
Q

How are long-acting corticosteroids used? What are 4 examples?

A

used topically to treat inflammation and pruritus associated with allergy

  1. dexamethasone
  2. betamethasone
  3. paramethasone
  4. flumethasone
30
Q

What drug class has one of the most widespread and potent immunosuppressant anti-inflammatory effects?

A

glucocorticoids

  • decrease T and B cells, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
  • decrease neutrophil migration to tissues
  • decrease macrophage production of TNFα, IL, plasminogen activator, IFNγ
  • inhibits phospholipase A2, so arachidonic acid is not available
  • effects on COX-2 decreases prostaglandin production
  • decreases histamine release by mast cells
  • inhibits hair and skin growth
31
Q

What is a common result of insufficient or excessive glucocorticoid activity?

A

increase susceptibility to infections - immunosuppressant!

32
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect metabolism?

A
  • increase lipogenesis
  • increase glucose metabolism
  • increase protein breakdown
33
Q

What 4 actions do glucocorticoids have on electrolytes and water balance?

A
  1. reduce ADH secretion
  2. increase excretion of Na+ and water
  3. calcium-mediated hypokalemia leading to increased PTH secretion
  4. promotes osteoblast apoptosis

3 + 4 = osteoporosis

34
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect the CNS, respiratory system, and skeletal muscle?

A

CNS - stimulation leading to euphoria

RS - bronchodilation, decrease histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins, induce decongestion of airways

SM - maintains function

35
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect the cardiovascular system?

A
  • increase vasomotor responses and myocardial contractions
  • increases epinephrine synthesis
  • increase expression of α and β adrenergic receptors
  • facilitate angiotensin system
  • promotes the breakdown of bradykinin, a vasodilator
  • decreases capillary permeability
36
Q

How does long-term usage of corticosteroids affect the animal?

A

effects similar to Cushing’s disease

  • muscle wasting
  • osteoporosis
  • fat redistribution to the face (moon face), trunk, back
  • red, swelling
  • diabetes
  • acne, hair loss
  • increased platelets
  • GI ulceration
37
Q

Why is it not recommended to abruptly stop taking corticosteroids?

A

negative feedback mechanisms result in symptoms similar to Addison’s disease

  • anorexia
  • nausea, vomiting
  • weight loss
  • lethargy
  • joint and muscle pain
  • postural hypotension
  • low BP
38
Q

What are the most common adverse effects of corticosteroids in dogs and cats?

A

DOGS = hepatotoxicity

CATS = congestive heart failure

39
Q

What are the 2 replacement therapies used for hypoadrenocorticism?

A

(Addison’s disease)

  1. deoxycorticosterone pivalate suspension
  2. fludrocortisone
40
Q

What 4 adrenal steroid inhibitors are used to control hyperadrenocorticism?

A

(Cushing’s disease)

  1. mitotane
  2. trilostane
  3. ketoconazole
  4. selegiline
41
Q

What is Mitotane? What is its mechanism of action?

A

irreversible corticosteroid inhibitor used for Cushing’s disease and adrenal neoplasms

cytotoxic to the zones of the adrenal cortex that secrete all endogenous steroids EXCEPT aldosterone

42
Q

What is the main result of the long half-life of Mitotane?

A

easy chance of overdose, converting from hyperadrenocorticism to hypoadrenocorticism

43
Q

What is Trilostane? What is its mechanism of action?

A

synthetic steroid analog that acts as an adrenal steroid inhibitor for treatment of Cushing’s in dogs

competitive inhibitor of an enzyme that is essential for corticosteroid synthesis

44
Q

In what animals is Trilostane contraindicated? Why?

A

pregnant animals

inhibits progesterone synthesis

45
Q

What is Ketoconazole? What is its mechanism of action?

A

adrenal steroid inhibitor used to treat Cushing’s in dogs resistant to mitotane and as a palliative therapy in dogs with cancer metastasis

reversible inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in steroid synthesis

46
Q

What is Selegiline? What is its mechanism of action?

A

adrenal steroid inhibitor used to treat pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and canine cognitive dysfunction

inhibits MAO-B, causing an increase of dopamine, which blocks ACTH to lower cortisol levels

Veterinary Pharmacology (35 decks)

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