Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Veterinary Pharmacology > Anti-Neoplastic Drugs, Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Anti-Neoplastic Drugs, Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do most chemotherapeutic drugs exert their effect?

A

rapidly dividing cancer cells, but can also include normal cells that divide rapidly, like cells that line the GI tract, hair cells, and blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 6 major categories of chemotherapeutic drugs?

A
  1. alkylating agents
  2. antimetabolites
  3. plant alkaloids (mitotic inhibitors)
  4. cytotoxic antibiotics
  5. topoisomerase inhibitors
  6. corticosteroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 classes of chemotherapeutic drugs?

A
  1. cell cycle specific (CCS) - antimetabolites (S), vinca alkaloids and taxanes (M), topoisomerase inhibitors (G1-S, G2-M), anti-tumor antibiotics (G2-M)
  2. cell cycle non-specific (CCNS) - alkylating agents, platinum analogs, antibiotics (anthracyclines)
  3. miscellaneous anticancer agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell cycle specific (CCS) chemotherapeutic drugs:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antimetabolites? Where in the cell cycle do they act?

A

interfere with DNA and RNA biosynthesis by preventing de novo nucleotide production - insert themselves into nucleotides to cause DNA breakage and deletion

S phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 classes of antimetabolites?

A

(CCS)
1. antifolates - Methotrexate
2. pyrimidine analogs - 5-Fluorouracil
3. deoxycytidine analogs - Cytarabine, Gemcitabine
4. purine antagonists - 6-Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 3 cancers are treated with Methotrexate? What is another therapeutic use?

A
  1. lymphoma
  2. carcinoma
  3. sarcoma
    (in dogs and cats)

immunosuppressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What antimetabolite is not commonly included in combination therapy? Why?

A

Methotrexate - high chance of drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 cancers are treated with 5-Fluorouracil? What animal is it not used in? Why?

A
  1. carcinoma of the GI tract, mammary gland, and lungs
  2. sarcoids
  3. cutaneous sqamous cell carcinoma
    (in horses and dogs)

CATS - causes fatal neurotoxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What 2 cancers are treated with Cytarabine and Gemcitabine? What are 2 other therapeutic effects?

A
  1. lymphoreticular neoplasms
  2. CNS lymphoma
    (in dogs and cats)
  • myeloproliferative disease (can cause myelosuppression)
  • granulomatous men
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What antimetabolite has the ability to cross the BBB? How does this affect its therapeutic usage?

A

Cytarabine

can be used to treat neoplasms in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 3 cancers are treated with 6-Mercaptopurine and 6-Thioguanine?

A
  1. acute lymphocytic leukemia
  2. granulocytic leukemia
  3. lymphosarcoma
    (in dogs and cats)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the 2 classes of microtubule targeting agents?

A
  1. VINCA ALKALOIDS prevent microtubule assembly
    - Vincristine*
    - Vinblastine
    - Vinorelbine
  2. TAXANES prevent microtubule disassembly
    - Paclitaxel (Taxol)
    - Docetaxel

(M PHASE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 3 cancers are treated with Vincristine?

A
  1. lymphoreticular neoplasms
  2. carcinomas, sarcomas
  3. transmissible venereal tumors
    (in dogs and cats)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 2 cancers are treated with Vinblastine?

A
  1. lymphoma
  2. mast cell tumors
    (in dogs and cats)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What cancer is treated with Vinorelbine?

A

pulmonary carcinoma in dogs and cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 2 cancers are being investigated to be treated with Paclitaxel? What is another possible therapeutic use?

A
  1. mammary carcinoma
  2. osteogenic osteosarcoma
    (in dogs)

histiocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are plant alkaloids administered? What does this entail?

A

IV

it is distributed to all but the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of action of anti-tumor antibiotics? What part of the cell cycle do they work on?

A
  1. bind to DNA and cause DNA fragmentation via generation of free radicals
  2. mitotic and topoisomerase II inhibitor

G2-M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 2 antibiotics are used as anti-tumor drugs? Where do they act?

A
  1. Bleomycin - G2 specific, induces DNA damage
  2. Etoposide - G2-M specific, topoisomerase II inhibitor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is Bleomycin administered?

A

(anti-tumor antibiotic)

electrochemotherapy - electric pulses open cells allowing for a local invasion of chemotherapy into the cells

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alkylating agents?

A

(CCNS)

exert cytotoxic effect via the transfer of their alkyl groups to DNA, thereby causing DNA damage

23
Q

What are the 3 classes of cell cycle non-specific chemotherapy drugs?

A
  1. alkylating agents
  2. platinum analogs
  3. antibiotics (Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Actinomycin D, Mitoxantrone)
24
Q

What are the 2 most common alkylating site on DNA that alkylating agents act on?

A
  1. number 7 (N-7) position of guanine**
  2. O-6 group of the guanine is alkylated by nitrocoureas
25
Q

What does the alkylation of guanine by alkylating agents result in?

A

abnormal nucleotide sequences, causing…
- miscoding mRNA
- cross-linked DNA that cannot replicate
- DNA strand breakage
- other damage to transcription and translation

26
Q

What are the 2 types of alkylating agents? What 3 drugs do not fit into these categories?

A
  1. TYPICAL nitrogen mustards that target N-7
    - cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
    - chlorambucil
    - melphalan
    - mechlorethamine
    - ifosfamide
  2. ATYPICAL nitrosoureas that target O-6
    - lomustine
    - carmustine
    - streptozocin (acts via GLUT2)

Dacarbazine, Procarbazine, Hydroxyurea - affect both N7 and O6

27
Q

How does Cyclophosphamide work?

A

CCNS typical alkylating agent

alkylates DNA at N-7 on guanine, which causes cross-linking of base pairs

28
Q

How does Lomustine work? How does it compare to Cyclophasphamide?

A

CCNS atypical alkylating agent

alkylates DNA at O-6 on guanine, forming a covalent bond and is highly lipid-soluble, making it able to cross the BBB and treat brain tumors

29
Q

Which alkylating nitrogen mustard is a prodrug and not used in cats?

A

Cyclophosphamide - activated in the liver

30
Q

Which alkylating nitrogen mustard is associated with less myelosuppression? How does it cause this?

A

Chlorambucil - well-absorbed, slow-acting

31
Q

Which 3 alkylating nitrosoureas are used for CNS neoplasms/malignancies?

A
  1. Lomustine
  2. Carmustine
  3. Procarbazine
32
Q

Which adverse affect is associated with dogs given Streptozocin?

A

CCNS nitrosoureas

toxicity to β-cells diabetes mellitus

33
Q

Which alkylating nitrosoureas is specifically not used in cats?

A

Dacarbazine

34
Q

What are 5 common CCNS alkylating nitrogen mustards?

A
  1. Cyclophosphamide
  2. Chlorambucil
  3. Melphalan
  4. Mechlorethamine
  5. Ifosamide - investigational
35
Q

What are 6 common CCNS alkylating nitrosoureas?

A
  1. Lomustine (BBB)
  2. Carmustine (BBB)
  3. Streptozocin - investigational
  4. Dacarbazine
  5. Procarbazine (BBB)
  6. Hydroxyurea
36
Q

How do the adverse effects of Hydroxyurea compare in dogs and cats?

A

more myelosuppression in cats compared to dogs

37
Q

What is the mechanism of action of platinum analogs?

A

CCNS - cross-links DNA and prevents replication

38
Q

What 3 platinum analogs are commonly used? What do they do?

A
  1. Cisplatin - inorganic metal inhibits cell division
  2. Carboplatin - 2nd gen; less renal and GI toxicity making it better in combination therapy
  3. Oxaliplatin - 3rd gen; no cross-resistance, neurotoxicity is reversible
39
Q

Which platinum analog is not used in cats? Why?

A

Cisplatin

fatal pulmonary toxicity

40
Q

How does Carboplatin compare to Cisplatin?

A
  • less effective in transitional cell carcinoma
  • more effective in malignant melanomas
  • less emetogenic and nephrotoxic effects
41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of CCNS cytotoxic antibiotics? During what phase are they most active? What are they derived from?

A

inhibits topoisomerase II and free radical-mediated DNA damage, inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis

S phase

Streptomyces fungus

42
Q

What 4 cytotoxic antibiotics are used as CCNS chemotherapy?

A
  1. Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
  2. Epirubicin (Dox analog)
  3. Actinomycin D
  4. Mitoxantrone
43
Q

What additional action does Actinomycin D have?

A

(CCNS cytotoxic antibiotic) - blocks RNA polymerase

44
Q

What CCNS cytotoxic antibiotic is commonly used to treat prostate cancer?

A

Mitoxantrone

45
Q

What adverse effect is associated with Doxorubicin usage in dogs?

A

chronic cardiomyopathy

46
Q

How does Epirubicin compare to Doxorubicin?

A
  • both CCNS cytotoxic antibiotics
  • is a Doxorubicin analog
  • less cardiotoxic
47
Q

What is the specific mechanism of action of Mitoxantrone? How does it compare to Doxorubicin?

A

(CCNS cytotoxic antibiotic) - topoisomerase II inhibitor

less myelotoxic, cardiotoxic, GI disturbances, anaphylactoid reactions, and tissue damage

48
Q

What are 3 miscellaneous anticancer agents?

A
  1. glucocorticoids
  2. L-asparaginase
  3. Piroxicam
49
Q

How are glucocorticoids used as anticancer agents?

A

CCNS - more active in the G1 phase and inhibits mitosis of lymphocytes

50
Q

How is L-asparaginase used as an anticancer agent? What unique effect does it have?

A

more active in the G1 phase - inhibits asparagine needed for protein synthesis for tumor growth

no myelosuppression when given alone

51
Q

What kind of drug is Piroxicam? How does it work as an anticancer agent? How does its adverse effects compare in dogs and cats?

A

NSAID - COX-2 inhibitor that blocks tumor angiogenesis to limit blood supply

more GI irritation, bleeding, and nephrotoxicity in cats

52
Q

Chemotherapeutic drugs and their MOA:

A

Veterinary Pharmacology (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions