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Veterinary Pharmacology > Antibiotics, Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Antibiotics, Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanisms of action of antibacterial drugs:

A
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2
Q

What are the 2 drug classes that inhibit membrane function? What are their targets?

A
  1. Polymyxin B - LPS, inner and outer membranes of G- bacteria
  2. Lipopeptides - LPS, inner and outer membranes of G+ bacteria
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3
Q

What 2 types of Polymixin B are commonly used? What are their therapeutic uses? How do they affect bacteria?

A
  1. Polymyxin B - G- bacterial infections of the skin, eye, ear, and GIT; endotoxicosis
  2. Colistin - GI infections (E. coli, Salmonella), IV dosing to treat serious infections caused by MDR

G- bactericidal

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4
Q

What is Polymyxin B commonly combined with for broad-spectrum action?

A

Bacitracin

  • in horses
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5
Q

What Lipopeptide is commonly used? What is its therapeutic use? How does it affect bacteria?

A

Daptomycin (experimental in rabbits) - complicated skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia (MRSA)

G+ bactericidal

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6
Q

What 2 drug classes inhibit nucleic synthesis? What are their targets?

A
  1. Rifamycin - targets RNA synthesis by blocking bacterial RNA polymerase
  2. Fluoroquinolones - targets DNA synthesis by blocking DNA gyrase (topo II) activity
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7
Q

What is the therapeutic use of Rifampin? What specific infection does it treat?

A

broad spectrum bactericidal that can target anaerobes resistant to Florfenicol

Rhodococcus equi infections

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8
Q

What is Rifampin commonly combined with? How is this combo used?

A

Erythromycin

fungal infections in dogs and cats

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9
Q

What 6 Fluoroquinolones are commonly used? What are their therapeutic uses?

A
  1. Enrofloxacin - skin and systemic infections in dogs, cats, birds, and cows
  2. Danofloxacin - respiratory infections
  3. Difloxacin - dermal, respiratory, UTI in dogs
  4. Orbifloxacin - dermal, respiratory, UTI in dogs and cats
  5. Marbofloxacin - dermal, respiratory, UTI in dogs and cats
  6. Pradofloxacin

broad spectrum bactericidal against anaerobes resistant to Florfenicol

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10
Q

What Fluoroquinolone is used to treat bovine respiratory infections?

A

Danofloxacin

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11
Q

What new Fluoroquinolone is considered safer? Why?

A

Pradofloxacin - non-retinotoxic

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12
Q

What are 2 causes of Fluoroquinolone resistance?

A
  1. mutations in genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
  2. subtherapeutic levels may allow the growth of mutants
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13
Q

What adverse effects are possible in Fluoroquinolone use in puppies, dogs, and cats?

A

chondrotoxicity

seizures in epileptic dogs - Enrofloxacin!

retinal degeneration

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14
Q

What 2 uses of Fluoroquinolones are prohibited?

A
  1. extra-label use in food animals
  2. use in poultry
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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antimetabolite antibiotics? What are 3 drug classes that do this?

A

block bacterial biosynthesis of folic acid essential for purine and DNA synthesis by targeting a folic acid synthesis enzyme

  1. Sulfonamides
  2. Trimethoprim
  3. Ormethoprim
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16
Q

What are Sulfonamides? How do they act as antimetabolites? How does Trimethoprim work?

A

structural analogs of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an early intermediate in folic acid synthesis

inhibits the enzyme involved in the production of dihydrofolic acid

inhibits the enzyme involved in the production of tetrahydrofolic acid

17
Q

What is the overall therapeutic use of Sulfonamides? What 5 are most commonly used?

A

broad spectrum bacteriostatic

  1. Sulfamethazine - prevention and treatment of local/systemic infections
  2. Sulfachlorpyridazine - respiratory and enteric infections
  3. Sulfamethoxazole - UTIs
  4. Sulfacetamide - ophthalmic infections
  5. Sulfasalazine - colitis and IBD
18
Q

What Sulfonamide is used to treat pink eye?

A

Sulfacetamide

19
Q

What are potentiated Sulfonamides? What is their purpose?

A

fixed combination of Sulfonamides with Trimethoprim

broader spectrum, less common resistance, becomes bactericidal

20
Q

What causes Sulfonamide resistance? What are 4 common adverse effects?

A

increased PABA production, decreased binding to synthase, and bacterial metabolism

  1. keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs*
  2. arthritis in Dobermans*
  3. renal crystalluria
  4. thrombocytopenia and anemia
21
Q

What miscellaneous antibacterial may cause dermatitis in pigs? What is its mechanism of action? Spectrum?

A

Tiamulin

blocks protein synthesis

bacteriostatic against G+ cocci, Mycoplasma, and G-

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin and Bacitracin? What are their spectrum? Toxicity?

A

blocks cell wall synthesis

VANCOMYCIN = bactericidal against G+ - ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, resistance

BACITRACIN ‘ bactericidal against G+ and spirochetes - no systemic toxicity

23
Q

Miscellaneous Antibacterials:

A
24
Q

What are the 4 major benefits that antibacterial usage has achieved?

A
  1. alleviating pain and suffering
  2. ensures food security
  3. protects livelihoods
  4. reduce zoonotic disease spread
25
Q

What are the 2 general uses of antibacterials?

A
  1. THERAPEUTIC - relating to disease and under veterinary supervision; treatment, control spread of illness, prevent illness in healthy animals
  2. NON-THERAPEUTIC - relating to production; growth promotion

Veterinary Pharmacology (35 decks)

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