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HISTO Block 4 > Endocrine Part 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how do thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rate

A

positively

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2
Q

exogenous administration of thyroid hormone does what

A

restores normal bone growth

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3
Q

lack of iodine during pregnancy can lead to ?

A

crietinism

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4
Q

when will you see a hypertrophy of the thyroid gland and goiter

A

hypothyroidism

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5
Q

where are the “goiter belts”

A
  1. Great Lakes

2. mountainous regions of the Alps, Andes, and HImalayas

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6
Q

when there is a goiter, on a histological slide there will be follicular cell hyperplasia that will form papillations that extend to what

A

the lumen

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7
Q

graves disease is an autoimmune disease that is what?

A

hyperthyroidism

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8
Q

when will there be an increased level of thyroxine and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland follicular epithelium

A

hyperthyroidism

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9
Q

what do patients clinically present with when they have hyperthyroidism

A

heart palpitations and tachycardia and exophtalamoses ( bulging of the eyes)

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10
Q

where is the parathyroid gland located

A

on the posterior surface of the thyroid

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11
Q

what does paratormone do

A

increases blood calcium level

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12
Q

parathormone has receptors on what bone cell

A

osteoblasts

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13
Q

what are scattered throughout the parathyroid gland and increase as you age

A

adipocytes

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14
Q

what is the parathyroid gland derived from embryologically?

A

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches

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15
Q

what are the 2 cells in the parathyroid ( excluding adipocytes)

A
  • principal cells

- oxyphil cells

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16
Q

what is another name for the principle cells in the parathyroid gland

A

chief cells

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17
Q

what cell in the parathyroid is small with a large nucleus and secrete parathormone

A

cheif cells ( principle cells)

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18
Q

what cells in the parathyroid are large and have a small nucleus and a centrally placed nuclei.

A

oxyphil cells

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19
Q

what is the function of oxyphil cells

A

unknown

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20
Q

how are oxyphil cells grouped? what do they look like on a slide

A

clusters

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21
Q

what kind of staining are oxyphil cells

A

eosinophillic

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22
Q

parathormone and calcitonin are examples of what hormones, becuase they either decrease or increases calcium in serum

A

calcitropic hormones

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23
Q

parathyroid hormone does what for bone resorption

A

enhances it

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24
Q

calcitonin lowers what two things

A

blood calcium and phosphorus levels

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25
Q

what is another name for adrenal gland

A

supra renal gland

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26
Q

what are the two major parts of the supra renal gland

A

cortex and medulla

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27
Q

what makes up the cortex of the adrenal gland

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona faciculata
  • zona reticularis
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28
Q

what happens to hormones in the medulla of the adrenal gland

A

they are stored in the form of granules

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29
Q

what part of the adrenal gland secretes hormones

A

the cortex

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30
Q

what is made in the zona glomerulosa

A

mineralocorticoids

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31
Q

what is made in the zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids

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32
Q

what is made in the zona reticularis

A

weak androgens

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33
Q

what do the cells in the cortex of the adrenal gland have an abundence of

A
  • mitochondria
  • lipid
  • SER
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34
Q

what causes the reabsorptin of sodium and cloride and helps increase blood volume and blood pressure will increase? what layer of the adrenal cortex makes this

A

mineralocor-ticoids

zona glomerulosa

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35
Q

what helps in the metabolism of glucose

A

glucocorticoids

36
Q

zona fasciculata makes weak what

A

androgens

37
Q

what is the main place that makes weak androgen

A

zona reticularis

38
Q

zona reticualris makes some what?

A

glucocorticoids

39
Q

the mitochondria in the part of the cortex that secrete steriods are what

A

tubular crytsal ( crista is in tubular form)

40
Q

what are the cells like in the zona g

A

rounded in clusters

41
Q

what are the cells like in the zona f? what is between them

A

straight cords and there are blood vessels between them

42
Q

what are the cells like in zona r and what is in the space between them

A

they are branched chords and there are blood vessels between them

43
Q

what are the cells in the zona f called becuase the lipid droplets get washed off whe the slide is being prepared so these cells look like there are empty spaces making them look like sponges

A

spongiocytes

44
Q

cells in the zona f will have what three things

A

SER
lipid droplets
tubular mitochondria

45
Q

what are the smalles of the secratory cells in the adrenal cortex

A

zona reticularis

46
Q

where is an area that women will have some androgen

A

in their adrenal cortex, zona r

47
Q

what is the weak androgen that the zona r makes

A

dehydroepiandrosterone

48
Q

the cells in the medulla are what kind of staining

A

pale

49
Q

what is the zona g stimulated by

A

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

50
Q

what are the modified post ganglioninc sympathetic neurons that lack axons and dendrites

A

chromaffin cells

51
Q

where did the medulla originate from

A

neural crest cells

52
Q

what do the teo classes of cells secrete in the medulla of the adrenal gland

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

53
Q

what are the yellow brown cells that stain with chromic salts

A

chromaffin cells

54
Q

what are the cells in the adrenal medulla that do not have axons or dendrites called

A

pheochromocytes

55
Q

in what disease is the adrenal gland destryoyed and it can be caused by either autoimmune or TB

A

addisons disease

56
Q

why does ACTH increase in addison’s disease

A

becuase there is no negative feeback loop going to the adenohypophysis to tell it to stop secreting ACTH

57
Q

lack of mineralcorticoids from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal gland in addisons disease will cause what

A

hypotension and circulatory shock

58
Q

when there is no cortisol being secreted like in addisons disease what happens

A

muscle weakness

59
Q

why will the patient have hyperpigmentation of the skin in addisons disease

A

becuase there will be an increase in ACTH and they are derived from principle cell and that cell also produces MSH so the melancyets will be `stimulated

60
Q

what is it when ACTH produces a tumor of the anterior pituritary

A

cushing’s disease

61
Q

what increases in Cushing’s Disease when ACTH increases

A

cortisol and androgen

62
Q

what is the disease when there is an actual functional tumor of the adrenal cortex

A

cushing’s syndrome

63
Q

in cushing disease what will happen to ACTH what will happen to it in Cushing’s Syndroe

A

decreases

increase

64
Q

what are the major hormones that are secreted in the pancreas in the islets of langerhann?

A

-glucogen and insulin

65
Q

alpha cells in the islets of langerhann make what

A

glucoagon

66
Q

what separates the exocrine and endocrine pancrease

A

reticular fibers

67
Q

beta cells in the pancrease secrete what

A

insulin

68
Q

what does insulin do

A

it causes the entry of the glucose into the cells and decreases blood sugar levels

69
Q

what do the delta cells in the islets of lang make

A

somatostatin

70
Q

what inhibts the release of other paracreatic hormones by paracrine action

A

somatostatin

71
Q

what is another name for the pineal gland?

A

epithalamus

72
Q

what is the evagination from the posterior region of the thrid ventricle rook

A

pineal gland

73
Q

what is another name for brain sand

A
  • basophilic bodies

- copora arenacea

74
Q

what are the cheif cells in the pineal gland claled

A

pinealocytes

75
Q

what are the two cells in the pineal gland called

A

pinealocytes and neuroglial cells

76
Q

where is the pineal gland derived from

A

diencephalon

77
Q

what tends to accumulte with age and have no function in the pineal gland

A

basophilic bodies or brain sand

78
Q

glycoprotein concentrations in the pineal gland are also called

A

basophilick bodies

79
Q

what have large rounded nuclei and prominent nucleioli

A

pinealocytes

80
Q

what do pinealocytes have that are branched that extend to the blood vessels

A

cytoplasmic process

81
Q

what have elongated nuclei and darkly stained cytoplasm

A

neural glial cells in the pineal gland

82
Q

what is made in the pineal gland

A

melatonin and serotonin

83
Q

what is responsible for circadian rhythms

A

pineal gland

84
Q

what are the main cells that make the hormone in the pineal gland

A

pinealocytes

85
Q

what hormone makes you feel happy and regulates your mood

A

serotonin

86
Q

what helps with digestion adn sexual activity

A

serotonin

HISTO Block 4 (9 decks)

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