Endocrine Part 2 Flashcards
how do thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rate
positively
exogenous administration of thyroid hormone does what
restores normal bone growth
lack of iodine during pregnancy can lead to ?
crietinism
when will you see a hypertrophy of the thyroid gland and goiter
hypothyroidism
where are the “goiter belts”
- Great Lakes
2. mountainous regions of the Alps, Andes, and HImalayas
when there is a goiter, on a histological slide there will be follicular cell hyperplasia that will form papillations that extend to what
the lumen
graves disease is an autoimmune disease that is what?
hyperthyroidism
when will there be an increased level of thyroxine and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland follicular epithelium
hyperthyroidism
what do patients clinically present with when they have hyperthyroidism
heart palpitations and tachycardia and exophtalamoses ( bulging of the eyes)
where is the parathyroid gland located
on the posterior surface of the thyroid
what does paratormone do
increases blood calcium level
parathormone has receptors on what bone cell
osteoblasts
what are scattered throughout the parathyroid gland and increase as you age
adipocytes
what is the parathyroid gland derived from embryologically?
3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
what are the 2 cells in the parathyroid ( excluding adipocytes)
- principal cells
- oxyphil cells
what is another name for the principle cells in the parathyroid gland
chief cells
what cell in the parathyroid is small with a large nucleus and secrete parathormone
cheif cells ( principle cells)
what cells in the parathyroid are large and have a small nucleus and a centrally placed nuclei.
oxyphil cells
what is the function of oxyphil cells
unknown
how are oxyphil cells grouped? what do they look like on a slide
clusters
what kind of staining are oxyphil cells
eosinophillic
parathormone and calcitonin are examples of what hormones, becuase they either decrease or increases calcium in serum
calcitropic hormones
parathyroid hormone does what for bone resorption
enhances it
calcitonin lowers what two things
blood calcium and phosphorus levels
what is another name for adrenal gland
supra renal gland
what are the two major parts of the supra renal gland
cortex and medulla
what makes up the cortex of the adrenal gland
- zona glomerulosa
- zona faciculata
- zona reticularis
what happens to hormones in the medulla of the adrenal gland
they are stored in the form of granules
what part of the adrenal gland secretes hormones
the cortex
what is made in the zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids
what is made in the zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids
what is made in the zona reticularis
weak androgens
what do the cells in the cortex of the adrenal gland have an abundence of
- mitochondria
- lipid
- SER
what causes the reabsorptin of sodium and cloride and helps increase blood volume and blood pressure will increase? what layer of the adrenal cortex makes this
mineralocor-ticoids
zona glomerulosa
what helps in the metabolism of glucose
glucocorticoids
zona fasciculata makes weak what
androgens
what is the main place that makes weak androgen
zona reticularis
zona reticualris makes some what?
glucocorticoids
the mitochondria in the part of the cortex that secrete steriods are what
tubular crytsal ( crista is in tubular form)
what are the cells like in the zona g
rounded in clusters
what are the cells like in the zona f? what is between them
straight cords and there are blood vessels between them
what are the cells like in zona r and what is in the space between them
they are branched chords and there are blood vessels between them
what are the cells in the zona f called becuase the lipid droplets get washed off whe the slide is being prepared so these cells look like there are empty spaces making them look like sponges
spongiocytes
cells in the zona f will have what three things
SER
lipid droplets
tubular mitochondria
what are the smalles of the secratory cells in the adrenal cortex
zona reticularis
where is an area that women will have some androgen
in their adrenal cortex, zona r
what is the weak androgen that the zona r makes
dehydroepiandrosterone
the cells in the medulla are what kind of staining
pale
what is the zona g stimulated by
renin angiotensin aldosterone system
what are the modified post ganglioninc sympathetic neurons that lack axons and dendrites
chromaffin cells
where did the medulla originate from
neural crest cells
what do the teo classes of cells secrete in the medulla of the adrenal gland
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what are the yellow brown cells that stain with chromic salts
chromaffin cells
what are the cells in the adrenal medulla that do not have axons or dendrites called
pheochromocytes
in what disease is the adrenal gland destryoyed and it can be caused by either autoimmune or TB
addisons disease
why does ACTH increase in addison’s disease
becuase there is no negative feeback loop going to the adenohypophysis to tell it to stop secreting ACTH
lack of mineralcorticoids from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal gland in addisons disease will cause what
hypotension and circulatory shock
when there is no cortisol being secreted like in addisons disease what happens
muscle weakness
why will the patient have hyperpigmentation of the skin in addisons disease
becuase there will be an increase in ACTH and they are derived from principle cell and that cell also produces MSH so the melancyets will be `stimulated
what is it when ACTH produces a tumor of the anterior pituritary
cushing’s disease
what increases in Cushing’s Disease when ACTH increases
cortisol and androgen
what is the disease when there is an actual functional tumor of the adrenal cortex
cushing’s syndrome
in cushing disease what will happen to ACTH what will happen to it in Cushing’s Syndroe
decreases
increase
what are the major hormones that are secreted in the pancreas in the islets of langerhann?
-glucogen and insulin
alpha cells in the islets of langerhann make what
glucoagon
what separates the exocrine and endocrine pancrease
reticular fibers
beta cells in the pancrease secrete what
insulin
what does insulin do
it causes the entry of the glucose into the cells and decreases blood sugar levels
what do the delta cells in the islets of lang make
somatostatin
what inhibts the release of other paracreatic hormones by paracrine action
somatostatin
what is another name for the pineal gland?
epithalamus
what is the evagination from the posterior region of the thrid ventricle rook
pineal gland
what is another name for brain sand
- basophilic bodies
- copora arenacea
what are the cheif cells in the pineal gland claled
pinealocytes
what are the two cells in the pineal gland called
pinealocytes and neuroglial cells
where is the pineal gland derived from
diencephalon
what tends to accumulte with age and have no function in the pineal gland
basophilic bodies or brain sand
glycoprotein concentrations in the pineal gland are also called
basophilick bodies
what have large rounded nuclei and prominent nucleioli
pinealocytes
what do pinealocytes have that are branched that extend to the blood vessels
cytoplasmic process
what have elongated nuclei and darkly stained cytoplasm
neural glial cells in the pineal gland
what is made in the pineal gland
melatonin and serotonin
what is responsible for circadian rhythms
pineal gland
what are the main cells that make the hormone in the pineal gland
pinealocytes
what hormone makes you feel happy and regulates your mood
serotonin
what helps with digestion adn sexual activity
serotonin
