Endocrine Flashcards
in endocrine system where is the secretion secreted
straight into the blood stream
how are cells arranged in the endocrine system
in clumps and cords
what kind of capillaries is the endocrine system surrounded by
fenestrated capillaries
why are endocrine glands so vasculare
because they don’t have ducts
what gland makes glycoprotein hormones and peptide hormones
hypophysis
what 3 things does the pituritary gland influence
- growth
- metabolism
- reproduction
what connects the hypothalamus and the hypophysis
infundibulum
what are the large spaces in the brain called
ventricles
what produces CSF
choroid plexus
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- subthalamus
- epithalamus come frmo
diencephalon
what is known as the evagination of ectoderm of oropharynx
adenohypophysis
what is the downward growth from the floor of diencephalon
neurohypophysis
what are the three parts in the adenohypophysis
- pars distalis
- pars tuberalis
- pars intermedia
what are the three parts of the neurohypopysis
- median eminence
- infundibulum
- pars nervosa
what pars has glands and cysts
pars intermedia
what pars is composed of glandular structures
pars distalis
what pars is made of nervous tissue
pars nervosa
what looks like a follicle and is the demarcation between the pars nervosa and the pars distalis
pars intermedia
2 cells in the pars distalis are
chromophobe and chromophills
what are the two chromophils in the pars distalis
- acidophis
- basophils
which chromphiles are numerous and red and has a blue nuclei
acidophils
which chromophils are less numerous and are blue staining granules
basophils
what is between the clumps of chromophils
frenistrated capillaries, blood vessels, and thin CT fibers
what percent of the adenophypophysis is pars distalis
95%
what are the 2 things produced by acidophils
- somatotrophs and mammotrophs
what is also known as the growth hormone that somatotrophs make
somatotropin
what stimulates the uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis
GH
what is made by mammotrophs that makes the mammary glands develop in pregnancy
prolactin
another name for mammotroph is
lactotroph
what are the three things in basophils
- thyrotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- corticotrpohs
what four hormones do basophils make
- TSH
- LH
_ FSH - ACTH
what pars has colloid filled follicles
pars intermedia
the basophils in the pars intermedia make what
MSH
melanocyte stimulating hormone
what pars surronds the neural stalk ( infundibulum stalk )
pars tubueralis
where s a multitude of unmyelinated axons and supportive cells found?
in the posterior pituitary gland
what is the name of the supporting cells that are in the posterior pit.
pituicytes ( supporting cells in the pars nervosa
where do the axons in the pars nervosa originate from
- supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
most of the nuclei you see in the pars nervosa is form what
pituicytes
what are the hormones that come from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary stored as
herring body
what looks like cotton whool becuase of the numerous neuronal tissue
pars nervosa
what are the glial cells in the posterior pit.
pituicytes
what is one thign that is not in the neurohypophysis
blood vessels
what are the 2 hormones secreted in the hypothalamus
ADH ( antidiuretic hormone) / vasopressin
oxytocin
what increases the permeability of the collecting tubules to water
ADH
what stimulates constraction of myoepithelial cells and ejection of milk
oxytocin
paraventricular nuclei produce?
oxytocin
supraorbital nuclei make what
ADH
herring bodies contain what
neurosecretory granules
the main blood supply to adenohypophysis is from the
ICA
- superior hypophyseal artery
what is the blood supply to the posterior pit
inferior hypophysial artery ( ICA Branch)
high levels of GH
gigantism
low levels of GH
dwarfism
what can tumors ( adenomas ) do
compress near by structures like the optic chiasm and form blindness
what is it called when there is excessive levels of GH after the fusion of the growth plate
acromegaly
what is it when ADH secretion fro neurohypophysis is reduced, becuase there is a damage to the neuron that makes ADH
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
what is the problem in neurogeneic diabetes
probelm wit ADH receptor
if there is ADH in the blood what does that mean
nephrogenic
if there si no ADH in the blood what does this mean
neurogeneic
what is the epithelium of the follicles in the thyroid gland
simple cuboidal
there is thyroglobulin where
colloid follicel
thyroxine is
T4
what are teh cells that produce thyroid hormones
follicular cells
what are follicular when they are active
tall cuboidal cells
what shape are follicualr cells when they are not active= hypothyroidism
squamos
when is thyroglobulin transformed into thyroxine
when it is taken up by epithelial cells
what are seen between colloid follicles
blood vessels
when the epithelium of the colloid follicle is flattened what does it mean
it is inactive
what is the functional state of the colloid follicle
the height of the epithelium
when there is an active secretion what is the shape of the follicle
cuboidal or columnar
what is the active zone of the colloid follicle called
parenchyma
what are the cells that are between colloid follicules
parafollicular cells or C Cells
what do parafolliuclar cells ( C cells ) do
they produces calcitonin and they act directly on osteoclast and stop blood desorption
what are the large pale stained cells that are in the CT between follicles in the thyroid gland
parafollicular cells
osteoclast have receptors for what
parafollicular cells
calcitonin does what to blood calcium levels
lowers it
epithelial cells synthesize thyroglobulin and store them as what
colloid follicles
under the influence of TSH colloid gets taken up by what process
endocytosis
what is thyroglobuin broken down by to make T3 and T4
lysosomes enzymes
triodothyronin is
T3
what do T3 and T4 do to somatic cells
increase metabolism of mitochondria
the capsule of the pineal gland is formed by what
dura matter
