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Anatomy Week 13 BT > Endocrine Histo > Flashcards

Endocrine Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Define endocrine cells.

A

Cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream for transport to target organs

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones?

A
  1. Steriods - (e.g. gonadal and adrenocortical hormones)
  2. Small Peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins
  3. Amino Acid Derivatives (catecholamines) and Iodinated Amino Acids (thyroid hormones) and Arachidonic acid derivatives (prostagladins)
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3
Q

What is the main purpose of hormones?

A
  • Maintain homeostasis

- coordinate growth and development

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4
Q

What are the two ways that hormones can communicate their signal within the cell?

A
  1. Cell Surface receptors

2. Intracellular Receptors

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5
Q

T or F: the ovaries, testes, and islets of the pancreas are all have endocrine function.

A

True

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6
Q

T or F: the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands all have endocrine function.

A

True

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7
Q

The pituitary is an amalgam of what two tissues?

  • structures formed by these
  • location
  • origin
A
  1. Ectoderm
    - Rathe’s pouch
    - anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
    - grows upward from the roof of the mouth
  2. Neuroectoderm
    - no specific name
    - posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
    - envaginates from the brain
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8
Q

What two parts make up the posterior lobe?

A
  1. Infundibulum

2. Pars Nervosa

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9
Q

What three parts make up the anterior lobe?

A
  1. Pars Distalis
  2. Pars Intermedia
  3. Pars Tuberalis
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10
Q

What stains lighter in H and E, the anterior or posterior lobe?

A

Posterior is lighter

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11
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

  • What is it?
  • Where is it?
  • What does it secrete?
  • Function of Secretion?
A
  • Soma of a neuron whose nerve fibers contribute to the hypothalmohypopseal tract that travels
  • Soma = Hypothalmus (its fibers travel through INFUNDIBULUM to synapse IN the POSTERIOR pituitary
  • Secrete ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone aka vasopressin)
  • ADH - Regulates body retention of water
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12
Q

How does vasopressin affect retention of water?

A
  • Increases water channels in the walls of kidney connecting ducts
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13
Q

What is caused by inadequate vasopressin levels?

A
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Because you aren’t making channels to reabsorb enough H2O,
  • Symptom = intense thirst
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14
Q

Supraoptic nucleus

  • What is it?
  • Where is it?
  • What does it secrete?
  • Function of Secretion?
A
  • Soma of a neuron whose nerve fibers contribute to the hypothalmohypopseal tract that travels
  • Soma = Hypothalmus (its fibers travel through INFUNDIBULUM to synapse IN the POSTERIOR pituitary
  • Oxytocin
  • oxytocin - Stimulates Uterus smooth muscle, and Myoepithelial cells in mammary gland
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15
Q

What is formed by the fibers of the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus?

A

Hypothalmohypopseal Tract

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16
Q

What are Herring Bodies?

- location

A
  • Secretory Vesicles

- Near the end of the paraventricular and supraoptic axon terminal

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17
Q

What surrounds the Herring Bodies?

A

Pituicytes

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18
Q

What is the difference in the types of hormones secreted by acidophils and basophils?

A

Acidophils - Growth Hormones

Basophils - Tropic Hormones

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of hormones secreted by Basophils?

- what hormones are part of these types?

A
  1. Gonadotropes
    - FSH
    - LH or ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone)
  2. Thyrotropes
    - TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  3. Corticotropes
    - ACTH (adenocorticotropic hormone)

***the “tropes” regulate the activity of other glands

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20
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by Acidophils?

A
  1. Somatotropes
    - GH (growth hormone)
  2. Lactotropes
    PRL (prolactin)
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21
Q

What does FSH do?

- Cell type that secretes

A

Stimulates:

  • Follicular developement in ovary
  • Spermatogenesis in testes

Gonadotropes => Basophils

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22
Q

What does LH do?

- Cell type that secretes

A

Stimulates:
- Final maturation of ovarian follicle, ovulation, and copus luteum

  • Essential for continued secretion of androgen from Leydig Cells

Gonadotropes => Basophils

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23
Q

What does TSH do?

- Cell type that secretes

A

Stimulates:

  • Growth of thyroid epithelial Cells
  • Release of Thyroglobulin and Thyroid hormones

Basophils

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24
Q

What does ACTH do?

-Cell type that secretes

A

Stimulates:

- Secretion of Glucocorticoids in adrenal gland

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25
Q

What does GH do?

- Cell type that secretes

A

Stimulates:
- OGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor) production by liver and other organs => Division of Progenitor Cells in growth plates and skeletal muscles

  • Net Effect = Growth of the body
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26
Q

What does PRL (prolactin) do?

A
  • Promotes Mammary Gland Developement
  • Initiates milk formation
  • Stimulates and maintiains secretion of Casein, Lipids, and Carbohydrates in the Milk
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27
Q

What is caused by hypersecretion of GH in tumors?

A

Gigantism and Acromegaly

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28
Q

Between Pars Intermedia and Pars Tuberalis, which of the following features are common or different?

  • Location
  • Cell type
  • Function
A
  • Tissue surrounds series of small cavities, the residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch

Pars Intermedia:

  • Basophils and Chromophils
  • Function unclear
  • Has Colloid Follicles

Pars Tuberalis:

  • cells are immunoreactive for ACTH, FSH, LH
  • no cell type or function specified
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29
Q

T or F: the pineal gland, pineal body, and epiphysis cerebri are all the same thing

A

True

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30
Q

What are the primary cell types of the pineal gland?

A
  1. Pinealocytes (95% of total)

2. Interstitial (glial) Cells

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31
Q

What is Brain Sand?

A

Calcium, phosphates, and carbonates plus protein

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32
Q

What is the pineal gland?

  • function (what does it respond to?)
  • hormones
A
  • Photosensitive Organ that regulates circadian rhythms in the body by obtaining information about light and dark cycles (endocrine)
  • Daylight inhibits Melatonin output
  • Sympathetic nn. Stimulated at night
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33
Q

Melatonin

  • How does it work?
  • Disorders?
A
  • Inhibits gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalmus and may promote sleepiness
  • Involved in Seasonal Affective Disorder
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34
Q

What are tumors in the pineal gland associated with?

A

Percocious Puberty

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35
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid?

  • Size
  • Arrangment
  • Hormone production
A

Thyroid Follicle (Follicular cells + Colloid)

  • 0.2 - 1.0 mm in diameter
  • Colloid surrounded by follicular cells
  • Capillary networks (extensive) surround

Follicular cells
- Produce T4 and T3

Colloid
- Thyroglobulin (inactive storage of T4 and T3)

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36
Q

What is the purpose of T3 (triiodothryronine) and T4 (tetraiodothryonine)?
- Describe formation

A

** Regulate Basal Metabolism

  1. Thyroglobulin is released from follicular cells and goes outside the apical side of the cell
  2. It binds iodine outside and Pre-T3 and Pre-T4 are made
  3. Follicular cell endocytoses Pre-T3 and Pre-T4 into vesicles
  4. Vesicle fuses with lysosome which degrades the vesicle to produce T3 and T4
  5. Vesicles fuse on basal side and T3 and T4 go into bloodstream
37
Q

What is the structure of T3 and T4, which is more abundant?

A

T4 more abundant

  • they consist of 3 or 4 iodine atoms attached to 2 molecules of tyrosine
38
Q

T or F: Thyroid gland function is essential for normal growth and development

A

True

39
Q

What happens if there is a thyroid deficiency during fetal life?

A

Severe CNS damage

40
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

- symptoms

A
  • Insufficient dietary Iodine
  • auto immune dieseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

symptoms:
Mental and Physicial sluggishness and edema of CT

41
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease)?

-symptoms

A
  • Excessive hormones in circulation
  • autoimmune disease - abnormal levels of antibodies bind to and stimulate FOLLICULAR cells to produce increased levels of thyroid hormones

symptoms:
Bulging eye balls (increased CT behind them)
Increased sympathetic activity

42
Q

What hormones are released from the thyroid gland?

A
  • T3 and T4

- Calcitonin

43
Q

What produces Calcitonin and what is its function?

  • location of cells
  • where does it get deposited
A
  • Parafollicular Cells (c-cells) - adjacent to follicular cells
  • Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium
  • NOT deposited into the colloid of follicles, secretion is carried by blood to the CT
44
Q

What 4 small endocrine glands are closely associated with the thyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid Gland

45
Q

What two cell types exist in the parathyroid glands and what are their features?

  • Which is more numerous
  • function of cell types
A

Principal and Oxyphil Cells

Principal (Chief) cells:

  • More numerous
  • small
  • less cytoplasm
  • Secretes PTH

Oxyphil cells:

  • larger
  • eosinophilic cytoplasm
  • organized into clumps
  • LOTs of Mitochondria
  • UNKNOWN function

**Sometimes oxyphil cells can have low levels of PTH synthesis

46
Q

What does PTH do once secreted by principal (Chief) cells?

- how does it do this?

A
  • Regulates Ca2+ and Phosphate levels in blood

How:

  • increases Ca2+ by production in the kidney
  • Bone Resorption
  • Urinary phosphate excretion
47
Q

What are the 3 kinds of cells in the islets of langerhans and what do they secrete?

A
  1. A cells - secrete glucagon
  2. B cells (70%) - secrete insulin
  3. D cells - secrete somatostatin
48
Q

Where are A cells normally located in the islets?

A

Near the boundary of the islets

**NOTE with H and E you can’t really differentiate between the different cells in the islets

49
Q

What is the function of each of the islet hormones?

A
  1. Insulin
    - stimulates glucose uptake
    - storage of glucose
    - stimulates EXOcrine secretion of the pancreas via local effects
  2. Glucagon
    - Stimulates glycogen breakdown
    - Gluconeogenesis
    - Inhibits exocrine secretion of the pancreas via local effects
  3. Somatostatin
    - Inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion
    - NO CLEAR FUNCTION IN ISLETS
50
Q

What 3 zones make up the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona Glomerulosa
  2. Zona Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
51
Q

What is the blood supply to the adrenal cortex and medulla?

A

Cortex:

  • Lots of Small arteries from Supra Renal vessels
  • Vessels organize adrenal gland structure

Medulla - DUAL BLOOD SUPPLY:

  • Arterial Blood via Medullary arterioles
  • Venous blood from cortical Sinusoidal Capillaries
52
Q

In general what is secreted by the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Steriods

53
Q

What is secreted by each of the 3 layers of the Adrenal Cortex?
- function of hormones

A
  1. Zona Glomerulosa - MINERALOcorticoids
    - Regulate Na and K balance
    - H2O homeostatsis
    - e.g. Aldosterone
  2. Zona Fasculata - GLUCOcorticoids
    - Regulate glucose synth and glycogen formation
    - Depress Immune function and Inflammation
    - e.g. Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
  3. Zona Reticularis - Weak androgens (sex hormones) and small amount of glucocorticoids
54
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

55
Q

How can the medulla of the adrenal gland be characterized in histological section?

A
  • Large Medullary Veins

- Pale staining Cells

56
Q

What cell type is predominant in the medulla?

- staining characteristics

A

Chromaffin (medullary) Cells

- Large Pale Staining Cells

57
Q

Describe the dual Blood Supply of the medulla of the adrenal gland.

A
  1. Sinusoids and arterioles from cortex supply the medulla - VENOUS BLOOD
  2. Medullary capillaries and arterioles also supply the medulla - ARTERIAL BLOOD
58
Q

Chromaffin Cells

  • Stimulated by
  • Contents
  • Hormone(s)
A
  • Catecholamine Secreting cells of the Medulla
  • They are modified neurons that are Innervated by Sympathetic (Autonomic)
    nervous system
  • Filled with secretory vesicles containing epinephrine and norepinephrine
59
Q

What differences exist between vesicles containing epinephrine and norepinephrine in chromaffin cells.

A

Norephinephrine - dense core vesicles

Epinephrine - smaller, clear vesicles

60
Q

What does epinephrine release cause?

A

Adrenal Rush

Increased:
heart rate, BP, Sweating, Dilation of Bronchioles,

Decreased:
Blood flow to viscera and skin, digestion (and prod. of digestive enzymes), urine production

61
Q

Besides Chromaffin cells, what other cells are contained in the medulla?

  • Features?
  • Amount?
A

Ganglion Cells

Axons extending into cortex that regulate:

  • Secretory Activity
  • Innervate Blood Vessels

Relatively few of these compared to chromaffin cells in medulla

62
Q

How are hormones regulated?

A

By the hypothalmus and pituitary

63
Q

Describe the communication between the hypothalmus and pituitary that leads to hormone release.

A
  1. Endocrine neurons in HYPOthalamus secrete RELEASING HORMONES/factors.
  2. Portal Vein transports these to ANTERIOR pituitary
64
Q

What do releasing hormones do?

A
  • Control the release of Basophils and Acidophils in the ANTERIOR pituitary

**Note: these are released in spurts

65
Q

What two distinguishing features of the Pars Nervosa?

A
  1. Herring Bodies

2. Capillaries

66
Q

What 3 cell types distinguish the pars distalis?

- which are functionally different, why?

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Chromophobes

*Acidophils and Basophils are functionally different. Chromophobes are likely acidophiles or basophils that have lost their granules

67
Q

T or F: endocrine is a relatively slowly moving system

A

True

68
Q

Which part of the pituitary is derived from ectoderm?

A

Anterior Lobe (this makes sense, because it is not the part conducting the nerve fibers like the posterior lobe)

69
Q

Which of the pituitary lobe has a higher cell density and stains darker?

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

70
Q

T or F: the pars tuberalis is part of the infudibulum

A

False, pars tuberalis is derived from anterior pituitary ectoderm while the infudibulum is part of the posterior pituitary neuroectoderm

71
Q

Hormones secreted into the blood in the posterior pituitary actually came from where?

A
  • Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei
72
Q

Lack of what pituitary hormone would cause excessive thirst and why?

A

ADH - posterior pituitary

It upregulates the amount of water channels in the kidney tubules

73
Q

What are two defining feature of Pars Nervosa in histological section?

A
  • Herring Bodies

- Capillaries

74
Q

T or F: chromophobes have a distinct function outside of acidophils and basophils

A

False, they are just an artifact of fixing the histological section

75
Q

_______ typically has acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes in sections, but _______ typically only has basophils and chromophobes.

A 
Pars Distalis (has all three)
Pars Intermedia (only 2)
76
Q

What feature is specific to Par Intermedia?

A

Colloid Follicles

77
Q

What are the two components of a thyroid follicle?

A

Colloid + Follicular Cells

78
Q

What is used to treat graves?

- how does this work

A

Radioactive iodine is used to kill thyroid cells because they absorb iodine

79
Q

Compare parafollicular cells to follicular cells in histo. section.

A

Parafollicular are lighter and larger

80
Q

What cells have a function opposite to that of parafollicular cells?

A

Prinicpal cell release (ParaThyroid Hormone)

Parafollicular cells release (Calcitonin)

81
Q

What is located in the zona glomerulosa?

A

Webbed arterioles

82
Q

What is located in the zona reticularis?

- Shade of cells relative to zona glomerulosa and zona fasiculata?

A

Webbed Venules

- Cells are darker

83
Q

PITUITARY BLOOD FLOW????

A

??????????

84
Q

Where do releasing hormones come from?

A

Hypothalmus

85
Q

What does GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) do?

A
  • causes release of gonadotropes - FSH and LH
86
Q

What does TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) do?

A
  • causes release of thyrotropes - TSH

**ALSO stimulates PRL (prolactin) release

87
Q

What does CRH (corticotropic releasing hormone) do?

A
  • Causes release of corticotropic hormones - ACTH
88
Q

What hypothalmic hormones regulate Lactrope (PRL-prolactin) release?

A
  • VIP - stimulates release from pituitary

- Dopamine - prevents release from pituitary

89
Q

What hypothalmic hormones regulate Somatotrope (GH) release?

A
  • GHRH- stimulates release from pituitary

- Somatostain - prevents release from pituitary

Anatomy Week 13 BT (15 decks)

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