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Anatomy Week 13 BT > Cranial nerves and shit- Shane > Flashcards

Cranial nerves and shit- Shane Flashcards

1
Q

All cranial nerves except CN XI originate where?

A

within the cranial cavity

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2
Q

CN I, II, III, and IV are called?

A

I-Olfactory Nerve II- Optic Nerve III-Oculomotor Nerve IV-Trochlear Nerve

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3
Q

CN V is called what? What are the three divisions?

A

Trigeminal NerveV1=Ophthalmic division V2=Maxillary division V3=Mandibular division

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4
Q

CN VI, VII, VIII, and IX are called?

A

VI- Abducent NerveVII- Facial Nerve VIII-Vestibulocochlear Nerve IX- Glossopharyngeal Nerve

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5
Q

CN X, XI, and XII are called?

A

X- Vagus NerveXI- Accessory Nerve XII- Hypoglossal Nerve

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory only?

A

I, II, and VIII

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7
Q

What cranial nerves are motor only?

A

III, IV, VI, XI, and XII

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8
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed?

A

V, VII, IX, and X

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9
Q

Do any cranial nerves participate in plexus formation?

A

No, none

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10
Q

Notes on cranial nerves

A

Cranial nerves derive from the brain or brainstem and are typically NOT formed by the fusion of dorsal and ventral roots. Instead, motor and sensory fibers of the cranial nerves are combined and attached at approximately the same point on the brain, although a few cranial nerves do attach to the brain stem by multiple roots. Also note that cranial nerves do NOT divide into dorsal/ventral primary rami.

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11
Q

What is a sensory ganglia?

A

Sensory ganglia, (analogous to dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves), exist only for those cranial nerves that conduct sensory fibers (CN V, VII, VIII, IX and X). The large trigeminal ganglion associated with CN V is an example of this type of sensory ganglia.Only those cranial nerves with a sensory function are associated with a sensory ganglia. Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves are often further removed from the origin of the nerve from the central nervous system than are the sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) of the spinal nerves.

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12
Q

CN I and II also transmit sensory fibers. Do the have associated sensory ganglia?

A

No, CN I and II are purely sensory in function, however, they are not associated with organized sensory ganglia.

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13
Q

The geniculate sensory ganglia is associated with which CN?

A

CN VII

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14
Q

The vestibular sensory ganglia is associated with which CN?

A

CN VIII

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15
Q

The spiral sensory ganglia is associated with which CN?

A

CN VIII

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16
Q

The trigeminal sensory ganglia is associated with which CN?

A

CN V

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17
Q

The superior and inferior sensory ganglia are associated with which CN?

A

CN IX and X

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18
Q

The GSA functional component of cranial nerves transmits sensory info from where?

A

sensation from somatic structures (skin, skeletal muscle, fascia, joint capsules, ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses, and periosteum), sensation from the mucosal lining of the oral cavity, nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, and sensation from the mucosal lining of the pharynx, esophagus larynx, trachea, and middle ear

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19
Q

The GVA functional component of cranial nerves transmits sensory info from where?

A

sensation from visceral structures of the head (carotid body and carotid sinus) and thoracic and abdominal viscera

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20
Q

The SA functional component of cranial nerves transmits sensory info from where?

A

sensation from specialized receptors in the head which are related to our special senses (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell)

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21
Q

SA fibers are only present in which CNs?

A

I, II, VII, VIII, IX, and X

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22
Q

The GSE functional component of cranial nerves does what?

A

motor innervation to skeletal muscle in the head derived from somite mesoderm

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23
Q

The GVE functional component of cranial nerves does what?

A

parasympathetic motor innervation to smooth muscle and glands of the head.

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24
Q

GVE fibers in the head are found in which CNs?

A

III, VII, IX, and X

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25
Q

The BE functional component in the head does what?

A

motor to skeletal muscle in the head derived from brachia (pharyngeal arch) mesoderm

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26
Q

Muscular structures arise from the mesoderm of which pharyngeal arches?

A

1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches. The 5th pharnygeal arch is rudimentary.

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27
Q

What skeletal muscles of the head are innervated by GSE?

A

1) Skeletal muscles of the tongue (XII) except the palatoglossus, 2) skeletal muscles of the orbit (eye) (III, IV & VI) 3) the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles (XI) These develop from somite mesoderm and these are not branchiomeric muscles.

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28
Q

What head muscles are derived from the first pharyngeal arch and what is their innervation?

A

MAST-MATTmuscles of mastication- medial and lateral pterygoid, temporalis, and masseterMylohyoid muscleanterior belly of digastric muscletensor veli palatini muscletensor tympani muscleinnervated by CN V(3); mandibular

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29
Q

What head muscles are derived from the second pharyngeal arch and what is their innervation?

A

muscles of facial expressionposterior belly of digastric musclestylohyoid musclestapedius muscleinnervated by CN VII- facial

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30
Q

What head muscles are derived from the third pharyngeal arch and what is their innervation?

A

stylopharyngeus muscleinnervated by CN IX- glossopharyngeal

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31
Q

What head muscles are derived from the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arch and what is their innervation?

A

all muscles of larynxall muscles of palate, except tensor veil palatine (V3)all muscles of pharynx, except stylopharyngeus (CN IX)innervated by CN X; vagus

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32
Q

Where are GSA spinal nerve cell bodies found?

A

dorsal root ganglia of T1-L2 (GVA cell bodies for spinal nerves are also found here)

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33
Q

Where are GSE spinal nerve cell bodies found?

A

ventral root (gray matter)

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34
Q

CN I and CN II have sensory function but are not associated with organized sensory ganglia (unlike CN V, VII, VIII, IX, and X). So where are their cell bodies?

A

The sensory neurons of CN I (SA) are diffusely dispersed in the olfactory epithelium. The sensory neurons of CN II (SA) are diffusely dispersed in the retina.remember that the GSA neuron bodies are found in the associated peripheral sensory ganglia for the other CNs with sensory ability (CN V, VII, VIII, IX, and X)

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35
Q

What is the morphology of SA and GSA cranial fibers?

A

pseudounipolar

36
Q

GSE/BE Motor neurons are multipolar. Where are there cell bodies?

A

Their cell bodies are located in brain motor nuclei of those cranial nerves with motor function. These brainstem motor nuclei are analogous to the gray matter of the ventral horn of the spinal cord

37
Q

GVA sensory cell bodies in spinal nerves are located where?

A

dorsal root ganglia (along with GSA for spinal nerves)

38
Q

Review on GVE organization for spinal nerves

A

GVE function is divided among the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Remember that these are two neuron systems with pre‐ and post‐ganglionic neurons.For the sympathetic system, the preganglionic fibers arise from spinal cord segments T1‐L2. The pre‐ ganglionic cell bodies are located in the spinal cord gray matter (lateral horn) of those segments. The post‐ganglionic cell bodies are found in either chain or collateral motor ganglia. Targets include visceral structures of the body wall (sweat glands, blood vessels, arrector pili smooth muscle), and viscera of the head, thorax and abdomen/pelvis.For the parasympathetic system (sacral portion), the pre‐ganglionic fibers arise from spinal cord segments S2‐S4. The pre‐ganglionic cell bodies are located in the spinal cord gray matter of those segments. The post‐ganglionic cell bodies are found in terminal motor ganglia near their targets. These targets include hindgut and pelvic viscera.

39
Q

GVE for the head can also be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. How is the sympathetic GVE to the head organized?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers destined for the head arise from spinal cord segments T1‐T2. Pre‐ ganglionic cell bodies are located in the spinal cord gray matter (lateral horn) of these segments. The preganglionic axons exit the spinal cord via the T1 & T2 spinal nerves to reach the sympathetic trunk. These fibers then ascend in the sympathetic trunk to reach the superior cervical chain ganglia where they synapse with the postganglionic neurons. Postganglionic fibers exit the sympathetic chain and form the carotid peri‐arterial plexus which surrounds the internal and external carotid arteries and their branches to reach their targets in the head. Note that most (>95%) of these fibers do not travel with cranial nerves.

40
Q

What are the targets of GVE fibers in the head?

A

Sympathetic targets in the head and neck include sweat glands, dilator pupillae muscle, vascular smooth muscle and the superior tarsal muscle.

41
Q

Which CNs have parasympathetic GVE components to the head?

A

Four cranial nerves (III, VII, IX and X)

42
Q

Pre‐ganglionic cell bodies for parasympathetic GVE in the head are located where?

A

in the brainstem motor nuclei associated with those CNs. The preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse with the post‐ganglionic neurons in terminal motor ganglia of the head (ciliary, otic, submandibular & pterygopalatine)

43
Q

What are the terminal ganglia of CN III, VII, IX, and X?

A

CN III - Ciliary GanglionCN VII - Submandibular Ganglion and Pterygopalatine GanglionCN IX - Otic GanglionCN X - Intrinsic Ganglia of the Viscera of the Thorax, Foregut and Midgut

44
Q

How do postganglionic parasympathetic GVE fibers reach their targets in the head?

A

they “hitchhike” primarily on named branches of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

45
Q

What are the parasympathetic targets in the head and neck?

A

constrictor pupillae and ciliary smooth muscles, submandibular, parotid and sublingual salivary glands, mucous glands of the nasal cavity and hard palate, the lacrimal glands & the thoracic, foregut and midgut viscera.

46
Q

What functional components does CN I (olfactory) have?

A

SA only- olfaction (smell)one of three that are sensory only (CN II and VIII)

47
Q

What functional components does CN II (optic) have?

A

SA only- vision one of three that are sensory only (CN I and VIII)

48
Q

What functional components does CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) have?

A

SA only- audition (hearing) and equilibrium one of three that are sensory only (CN I and II)

49
Q

What functional components does CN III (occulomotor) have?

A

GSE and GVE one of five that are motor only

50
Q

What does the GSE component of CN III do?

A

motor to 5 extraocular muscles- levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique

51
Q

What does the GVE component of CN III do?

A

parasympathetic motor innervation to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles (smooth muscles of the eyeball.)

52
Q

What functional components does CN IV (trochlear) have? What does that/those component do?

A

just GSE- responsible for motor to 1 extraocular muscle (superior oblique)

53
Q

What functional components does CN VI (abducent) have? What does that/those component do?

A

just GSE- motor to 1 extraocular muscle (lacteral rectus)

54
Q

What functional components does CN XI (accesory) have? What does that/those component do?

A

just GSE- motor to trapezius and sternocleidmastoid muscles

55
Q

What functional components does CN XII (hypoglossal) have? What does that/those component do?

A

just GSE- motor to 3 intrinsic muscles of the tongue (hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus) and all intrinsic muscles of the tongue

56
Q

What functional components does CN V (trigeminal) have? What does that/those component do?

A

GSA and BE

57
Q

What does the GSA component of CN V do?

A

sensory from skin of face and scalp, conjunctive, globe, orbit, meninges, teeth, gums, external ear, nasal cavity, oral cavity and anterior 2/3 of tongue, soft palate, and nasopharynx

58
Q

What does the BE component of CN V do?

A

branchiomeric motor innervation to the muscles of the 1st pharyngeal arch (V3 only)one of four CNs with both motor and sensory ability (also CN VII, IX, and X)

59
Q

What functional components does CN VII (facial) have? What does that/those component do?

A

GSA, SA, BE, and GVE

60
Q

What does the GSA component of CN VII do?

A

sensory from external ear

61
Q

What does the SA component of CN VII do?

A

taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and soft palate

62
Q

What does the BE component of CN VII do?

A

branchiomeric motor innervation to the muscles of the 2nd pharyngeal arch

63
Q

What does the GVE component of CN VII do?

A

parasympathetic motor innervation to lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands, mucous glands of the membranes of the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and soft palate

64
Q

What functional components does CN IX (glossopharyngeal) have? What does that/those component do?

A

GSA, GVA, SA, BE, and GVE

65
Q

What does the GSA component of CN IX do?

A

sensory from external ear, mucous membrane of tympanic cavity and tympanic membrane, auditory tube, posterior 1/3 of tongue, oropharynx, and poster aspect of nasopharynx

66
Q

What does the GVA component of CN IX do?

A

sensory from carotid sinus and body

67
Q

What does the SA component of CN IX do?

A

taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

68
Q

What does the BE component of CN IX do?

A

branchiomeric motor innervation to the muscles of the 3rd arch

69
Q

What does the GVE component of CN IX do?

A

parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland

70
Q

What functional components does CN X (vagus) have? What does that/those component do?

A

GSA, GVA, SA, BE, and GVE

71
Q

What does the GSA component of CN IX do?

A

sensory from the external ear, lower 1/3 of the pharyngeal mucosa and esophagus, laryngeal mucosa, and the root of the tongue

72
Q

What does the GVA component of CN IX do?

A

sensory from the carotid body and baroreceptors and viscera of the throat, foregut, and midgut

73
Q

What does the SA component of CN IX do?

A

taste from the base of the tongue and epiglottis (root of the tongue)

74
Q

What does the BE component of CN IX do?

A

branchiomeric motor innervation to the muscles of the 4th and 6th arches

75
Q

What does the GVE component of CN IX do?

A

parasympathetic innervation to viscera, smooth muscle and glands in the trachea, esophagus and thoracic and abdominal viscera (foregut and midgut)

76
Q

What functional components do CN XI and XII have?

A

GSE only

77
Q

The vagus nerve exits the cranial cavity via what?

A

the jugular foramen

78
Q

What are the main branches of the vagus nerve (CN X)?

A

1) auricular nerve2) meningeal nerve3) sinus nerve4) pharyngeal branch5) internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve6) external branch of superior laryngeal nerve7) recurent (inferior) laryngeal nerve8) cardiac branches

79
Q

What does the auricular nerve carry?

A

GSA to external ear

80
Q

What does the meningeal nerve carry?

A

GSA to the dura in the posterior cranial fossa

81
Q

What does the sinus nerve carry?

A

GVA to carotid body

82
Q

What does the pharyngeal branch carry?

A

BE to palatoglossus, all muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngess) and all muscles of the soft palate 9except tensor veil palatini)

83
Q

What does the internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve carry?

A

GSA to mucosal lining of the laryngopharynx down to the vocal folds, GVE (parasympathetic) to glands of the pharynx, GSA to root of tongue and epiglottis, SA (taste) to root of tongue and epiglottis

84
Q

What does the external branch of superior laryngeal carry?

A

BE to cricothyroid muscle

85
Q

What does the sinus nerve carry?

A

BE to all other muscle of the vocal folds (except cricothyroid) and GSA to mucosal lining of the larynx below the vocal folds

86
Q

What do the cardiac branches of the vagus nerve carry?

A

GVE (parasympathetic) to the heart

Anatomy Week 13 BT (15 decks)

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