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Cell Bio III > Endocrine glands II > Flashcards

Endocrine glands II Flashcards

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1
Q

How are the epithelial cells arranged in parathyroid glands?

A

Cords or clusters

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2
Q

What are the cells of the parathyroid gland?

A
  1. Chief cells
  2. Oxyphil cells
  3. Intermediate cells
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3
Q

Which parathyroid cells have secretory granules that contain PTH?

A

Chief cells

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4
Q

What are the effects of PTH?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

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5
Q

What is PTH’s function in bone?

A

Attaches to osteoblast receptors, causing them to release osteoclast stimulating factor, which triggers osteoclast activity. Calcium is freed from the bone to enter bloodstream (returning calcium levels to normal)

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6
Q

What is PTH’s function in the kidney?

A
  1. Conserves calcium (prevents loss in urine)

2. Excretes phosphate (promotes loss in urine)

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7
Q

What is PTH’s role in the GI tract?

A

Controls formation of vitamin D in the kidneys, which facilitates calcium absorption in the GI tract

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8
Q

What does calcitonin do to blood calcium levels?

A

Decreases to normal

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9
Q

What happens during hypoparathyroidism (or removal of parathyroid glands)?

A

Hypocalcemia, Tetany

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10
Q

What happens during hyperparathyroidism?

A

Hypercalcemia, urinary tract stones

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11
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

A

Alpha

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12
Q

What do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Glucagon

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13
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?

A

Beta

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14
Q

What do the beta cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

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15
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce somatostatin?

A

Delta

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16
Q

What do the delta cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Somatostatin

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17
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce gastrin?

A

G cells

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18
Q

What do the G cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Gastrin

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19
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce pancreatic polypeptide?

A

PP cells (F cells)

20
Q

What do the PP (F) cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

21
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

Reduces smooth muscle contraction of digestive tract and gall bladder

22
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Stimulates parietal cells of the stomach mucosa to produce HCl

23
Q

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

Inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions (digestive juices)

24
Q

Which adrenal region produces corticosteroids?

A

Cortex

25
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Corticosteroids

26
Q

Which adrenal region produces catecholamines?

A

Medulla

27
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines

28
Q

How is the zona glomerulosa arranged?

A

Cords and clusters

29
Q

What are the notable histological characteristics of the zona glomerulosa?

A
  1. Abundant sER

2. Lipid droplets

30
Q

What type of hormone is synthesized in the zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids

31
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid produced in the zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

32
Q

What is the target of aldosterone?

A

Distal convoluted tubule of kidney

33
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A
  1. Stimulate water balance
  2. Absorption of sodium
  3. Excretion of potassium
34
Q

How are the cells arranged in the renal zona fasciculata?

A

Spongiocytes are arranged in radial columns with sinusoidal capillaries running in between

35
Q

What are the notable histological characteristics of the zona fasciculata?

A
  1. Abundant sER
  2. Abundant Golgi
  3. Lipofuscin
36
Q

What type of hormone is synthesized in the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids

37
Q

What are the glucocorticoids produced in the zona fasciculata?

A
  1. Cortisol

2. Corticosterone

38
Q

What is the function of the glucocorticoids?

A

Control of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

39
Q

What causes Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Small tumors of the basophils in the anterior pituitary gland. Tumors produce excess ACTH which overstimulates the suprarenal cortex - excess cortisol is produced. Symptoms are obesity, impotency in males, amenorrhea in females

40
Q

How are the cells of the zona reticularis arranged?

A

Anastomosing cords

41
Q

What type of hormone is produced in the zona reticularis?

A

Androgens

42
Q

What is the developmental derivation of the suprarenal medulla?

A

Neural crest cells

43
Q

What are the cells of the suprarenal medulla?

A
  1. Chromaffin cells

2. Sympathetic ganglion cells

44
Q

What do chromaffin cells synthesize?

A

Catecholamines

45
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic ganglion cells?

A

In CT of medulla; send axons to cortex where they modulate cortical activity and innervate blood vessels

Cell Bio III (10 decks)

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