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Cell Bio III > Endocrine glands I > Flashcards

Endocrine glands I Flashcards

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1
Q

Which pituitary lobe is neural?

A

Posterior

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2
Q

Which pituitary lobe is glandular?

A

Anterior

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3
Q

What are the anterior pituitary secretory cells?

A
  1. Chromophils

2. Chromophobes

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4
Q

Where are the hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones synthesized?

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus

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5
Q

Where are the hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones stored?

A

Axons of neurons in hypothalamus, which terminate at median eminence

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6
Q

What is the direction of flow of hypothalamic neurosecretory hormones after being released at median eminence?

A
  1. Primary capillary plexus (fenestrated capillaries)
  2. Hypophyseal portal veins in infundibulum
  3. Secondary capillary plexus (sinusoidal with fenestrated endothelium - anterior lobe)
  4. Parenchyma of anterior lobe
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7
Q

What are housed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

Cell bodies of neurosecretory cells

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8
Q

Where are the cell bodies of neurosecretory cells housed?

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

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9
Q

What makes up the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

A

The unmyelinated axons of neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

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10
Q

Where does the hypothalamohypophyseal tract terminate?

A

Capillaries in the posterior lobe of pituitary

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11
Q

What does the hypothalamohypophyseal tract release into the capillaries of the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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12
Q

The anterior pituitary has what kind of capillaries?

A

Fenestrated sinudoidal

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13
Q

What are the chromophils of the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Acidophils

2. Basophils

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14
Q

What are the different types of acidophils?

A
  1. Somatotropes

2. Lactotropes

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15
Q

What stimulates somatotrope production?

A

GHRH

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16
Q

What inhibits somatotropes?

A

Somatostatin

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17
Q

What do somatotropes secrete?

A

Growth hormone

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18
Q

What is the role of growth hormone?

A

Increases metabolic rate and influences long bone growth

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19
Q

What stimulates lactotrope production?

A

PRH

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20
Q

What inhibits lactotropes?

A

PIF

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21
Q

What do lactotropes secrete?

A

Prolactin which promotes mamary gland growth during pregnancy and lactation after birth

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22
Q

What are the types of basophils?

A
  1. Corticotropes
  2. Thyrotropes
  3. Gonadotropes
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23
Q

What stimulates corticotrope production?

A

CRH

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24
Q

What do corticotropes secrete?

A

ACTH which stimulates adrenal cortex

25
Q

What stimulates thyrotrope production?

A

TRH

26
Q

What do thyrotropes secrete?

A

TSH (thyrotropin)

27
Q

What inhibits thyrotropes?

A

T3 and T4 in blood

28
Q

What stimulates gonadotrope production?

A

GnRH

29
Q

What do gonadotropes secrete?

A

FSH and LH which function in male and female reproduction

30
Q

What are chromophobes?

A

May be degranulated chromophils

31
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Accumulations of neurosecretory granules int he axons and axon terminals of the hypothalamohyophyseal tract

32
Q

Where are Herring bodies released?

A

Fenestrated capillary plexus

33
Q

What is contained in Herring bodies?

A

Either ADH or oxytocin

34
Q

What is the target of ADH?

A

Distal tubules and collecting ducts of kidney

35
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Lower urine volume

36
Q

What is the target of oxytocin?

A

Uterine myometrium and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland

37
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulate smooth muscle contraction of uterus and mammary gland

38
Q

Where are pituicytes located?

A

Posterior lobe of pituitary

39
Q

What are pituicytes?

A

Glia-like local cells that cover and support axons and their terminals

40
Q

Diabetes insipidus can be caused by damage to what endocrine system components?

A

Hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

41
Q

What is the derivation of the thyroid capsule?

A

Deep cervical fascia

42
Q

What kind of CT makes up the thyroid capsule?

A

Dense irregular collagenous

43
Q

What hormones are synthesized by the thyroid gland?

A
  1. T3
  2. T4
  3. Calcitonin
44
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the thyroid gland?

A

Follicle

45
Q

From low to high activity, what kind of epithelium is found in the follicle?

A
  1. Simple squamous
  2. Simple cuboidal
  3. Simple columnar
46
Q

What surround the thyroid follicle?

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Fenestrated capillary plexus
47
Q

What is the difference between the thyroid follicle and the functional units of other endocrine glands?

A

The follicle stores glandular secretory product in the lumen (extracellularly) as opposed to accumulating it in the parenchyma

48
Q

What are contained in the secretory granules of parafollicular cells?

A

Calcitonin

49
Q

What are the characteristics of calcitonin?

A
  1. Peptide hormone
  2. Released when blood calcium levels are high
  3. Inhibits bone breakdown by osteoclasts
  4. Promotes calcium deposition in bones (osteoid calcification)
50
Q

What is contained in the follicular lumen?

A

Colloid

51
Q

What comprises colloid?

A

Thyroglobulin

52
Q

Where is thyroglobulin synthesized?

A

Follicular cells (rER)

53
Q

Where is iodide oxidized in the follicular cells?

A

Apical cell membrane facing colloid. Iodine is active form and stored in lumen

54
Q

Where is thyroglobulin glycosylated?

A

Golgi

55
Q

What enzyme oxidizes iodide?

A

Thyroid peroxidase

56
Q

What enzyme carries out the iodination of thyroglobulin’s tyrosine residues?

A

Thyroid peroxidase - where luminal aspect of follicular cell contacts the colloid

57
Q

Are thyroid hormone active or inactive in the blood stream?

A

Inactive

58
Q

How is most of the T3 synthesized?

A

From T4, in kidney, liver, and heart

59
Q

What are the physiological effects of T3 and T4?

A
  1. Increase cellular metabolism, growth rate, mental activity
  2. Stimulate endocrine gland functions and carbohydrate metabolism
  3. Decrease formation of phospholipids and triglycerides
  4. Enhance synthesis of cholesterol
  5. Increase formation of fatty acids

Cell Bio III (10 decks)

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