endocrine glands

Question 1

endocrine system

Answer 1

feedback loops of hormones produced by glands. Hormones are released directly into bloodstream and have affects on distant target organs
no ducts

Question 2

what type of hormones are released by hypothalamus?

Answer 2

releasing hormone

Question 3

what type of hormones are released by Ant. pituitary?

Answer 3

tropic hormone

Question 4

where is pituitary gland found?

Answer 4

base of brain

Question 5

posterior pituitary

Answer 5

contains neural tissue - continuation of hypothalamus

Question 6

hypophysis

Answer 6

in pituitary fossa of sella turcica
covered by dura
extension of hypothalamus

Question 7

where is the cavernous sinus?

Answer 7

inside 3rd ventricle

Question 8

what are the cell types in the anterior pituitary

Answer 8

somatotropes
corticotropes
thyrotropes
gondotropes
lactotropes

Question 9

somatotropes

Answer 9

CHRH and somatostatin released from the hypothalamus, causing HGH - growth hormones to be released from anterior pituitary

Question 10

Thyrotropes

Answer 10

TSH released by anterior pituitary

controlled by TRH and somatostatin from hypothalamus

Question 11

gondotropes

Answer 11

LH and FSH

controlled by GnRH from hypothalamus

Question 12

lactotropes

Answer 12

Prolactin
Inhibitory control by
dopamine
TRH and oxytocin and ADH

Question 13

posterior pituitary

Answer 13

neurohypophysis
extension of hypothalamus 
consists of axonal tissue
hormones are made in hypothalamus but are secreted here.
ADH and oxytocin released

Question 14

pituitary disease

Answer 14

hypo or hyper

Question 15

apoplexy

Answer 15

bleed

no pituitary hormones

Question 16

adenomas

Answer 16

macro/ micro

benign tumour of the pituitary gland/ glandular tissue

Question 17

location of pituitary gland

Answer 17

within cavernous sinus

below optic chiasm

Question 18

thyroid gland

Answer 18

anterior of neck between C5-T1
deep to inferior strap muscles
anterior lateral to larynx and trachea

Question 19

muscles of hyroid

Answer 19

sternothyroid and sternohyoid

Question 20

structure of thyroid

Answer 20

covered by fibrous capsule

2 lobes joined by isthmus

Question 21

what is thyroid made up o f?

Answer 21

follicles
follicular cells surround the follicles
colloid fluid fills the space
parafollicular cells

Question 22

where are parafollicular cells found and what do they do

Answer 22

around the outside of follicular cells of thyroid and produce calcitonin

Question 23

arterial supply of endocrine glands

Answer 23

highly vascular

Question 24

arterial supply of thyroid

Answer 24

superior - external carotid branch
inferior - thyrocervical trunk from subclavian
thyroid ima artery from brachiocephalic trunk
extensive anastomosies

Question 25

thyroid ima artery

Answer 25

only in 10% of people | runs up trachea, relevant in trachiotomy

Question 26

venous drainage of thyroid

Answer 26

superior thyroid veins - to internal jugular vein middle thyroid veins - to internal jugular vein inferior thyroid veins - to brachiocephalic veins

Question 27

lymphatic drainage of thyroid

Answer 27

local chain of lymph nodes | thoracic duct

Question 28

nerve supply of thyroid

Answer 28

autonomic - sympathetic ganglia superior, inferior and middle cervical vasomotor control of blood supply but hormone secretion controlled by releasing hormones from pituitary and hypothalamus

Question 29

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 29

related to inferior thyroid artery

Question 30

corticotropes

Answer 30

corticotropin releasing hormone released by hypothalamus which causes adrenocorticotropin to be released from anterior pituitary

Question 31

apoplexy

Answer 31

haemorrhage or infarction of pituitary gland

Question 32

hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 32

``` tiredness weight gain depression sensitivity to cold dry skin and hair muscle aches ```

Question 33

hyperthyroidism symptoms

Answer 33

``` anxiety mood swings difficulty sleeping persistent tiredness/ weakness sensitivity to heat goitre irregular/ fast heart rate trembling weight loss ```

Question 34

graves disease

Answer 34

autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism

Question 35

hasimoto thyroiditis

Answer 35

autoimmune disease where the thyroid is gradually destroyed, leading to hypothyroidism and a goitre

Question 36

goitre

Answer 36

non-neoplastic non-inflammation enlargement due to iodine deficiency

Question 37

parathyroid glands

Answer 37

2 pairs of glands at posterior of thyroid

Question 38

blood supply to parathyroid glands

Answer 38

inferior thyroid artery

Question 39

venous drainage to parathyroid

Answer 39

thyroid plexus

Question 40

nervous supply of parathyroid

Answer 40

cervical sympathetic ganglia vasomotor secretomotor by hormonal regulation

Question 41

adrenal glands

Answer 41

suprarenal gland | superior to kidneys

Question 42

arterial supply of adrenal gland

Answer 42

superior suprarenal middle suprarenal inferior suprarenal

Question 43

venous drainage of adrenal gland

Answer 43

right and left suprarenal

Question 44

lymphatic drainage of adrenal glands

Answer 44

lumbar lymph nodes

Question 45

nerve supply of adrenal glands

Answer 45

celiac plexus | autonomic

Question 46

where does the adrenal medulla originate

Answer 46

neural ectoderm

Question 47

where does the adrenal cortex originate

Answer 47

mesoderm

Question 48

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

Answer 48

corticosteroids and androgens

Question 49

what are the zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 49

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis

Question 50

what is found at the centre of adrenal cortex?

Answer 50

adrenal medulla

Question 51

what is the role of the zona glomerulosa?

Answer 51

mineralocorticoids | aldosterone

Question 52

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 52

makes kidneys retain sodium and water and excrete potassium to increase blood pressure and volume controls ACTH angiotensin II when BP drops and causes aldosterone production

Question 53

what is the role of the zona fasciculata?

Answer 53

produces glucocorticoids in response to Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 54

what are glucocorticoids, what do they do?

Answer 54

cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone | enhance the metabolism

Question 55

what does cortisol do?

Answer 55

enhances activity of glucagon and catecholamine

Question 56

what does the zona reticularis do?

Answer 56

releases androgens and DHEA in response to ACTH

Question 57

what happens when the blood sodium levels fall

Answer 57

aldosterone released from adrenal cortex > targets kidneys so more sodium is reabsorbed by the kidneys and the levels are normalised

Question 58

what happens when the blood potassium levels rise?

Answer 58

aldosterone is released from adrenal cortex > targets kidneys which causes the release of potassium to fall and normalise the level

Question 59

adrenal medulla

Answer 59

nervous tissue associated with sympathetic NS

Question 60

what cells is the medulla made of?

Answer 60

chromaffin cells

Question 61

what do the chromaffin cells of the medulla do?

Answer 61

secrete catecholamines

Question 62

what is the pancreas

Answer 62

exocrine and endocrine glands

Question 63

exocrine aspect of pancreas

Answer 63

secrete pancreatic juice from acinar cells into the pancreatic ducts and duodenum

Question 64

endocrine aspect of pancreas

Answer 64

pancreatic islets of langerhans glucagon and insulin secretion involved in glucose metabolism produces somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide which modulate action of glucagon and insulin secretion

Question 65

what cells secrete somatostatin

Answer 65

D cells of pancreas

Question 66

what cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 66

F cells of the pancreas

Question 67

What do the ovaries secrete?

Answer 67

oestrogen progesterone inhibin

Question 68

what do the testes secrete?

Answer 68

androgen - testosterone | inhibin

Question 69

what are other endocrine glands

Answer 69

``` stomach small intestine kidneys adipose tissue heart thymus ```

Question 70

what does the stomach secrete?

Answer 70

gastrin from parietal cells

Question 71

what does the small intestine secrete?

Answer 71

GIP Secretin CCK

Question 72

what do the kidneys secrete?

Answer 72

renin calcitriol EPO

Question 73

what does adipose tissue secrete?

Answer 73

leptin

Question 74

what does the heart secrete?

Answer 74

ANP | BNP

Question 75

what does the thymus secrete?

Answer 75

THF

Question 76

what are the strap muscles?

Answer 76

sternohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid omohyoid