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Post Midterm Patho > Endocrine Disorder Overview > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorder Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones targeting?

A

Target cells

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2
Q

What needs to be stimulated for hormones to be produced / secreted?

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

What are the 2 Basic Problems in Endocrine Disorders?

A
  1. Hyposecretion (Decreased or no hormone prodcution)

2. Hypersecretion (Increased hormone production)

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4
Q

What do the 2 basic problems cause to occur?

A

Inappropriate target cell responses

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5
Q

What is the etiology of Hyposecretion? (6 things)

A
  1. Dietary Deficiency *lack of reactant
  2. Metabolism defect *lack of enzyme
  3. Immune Disorder
  4. Receptor Defects (on target cell d/t damage, inadeq #)
  5. No Trophic Stimulation
  6. Tx for hyposecretion
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6
Q

What is the etiology of Hypersecretion? (3 things)

A
  1. Increase Trophic Stimulation of gland
  2. Defect in Negative feedback
  3. Secretory Tumor / Ectopic tumor
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7
Q

Explain how a Secretory tumor works?

A

Tumor forms in the gland, the tumor advances the secretion.

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8
Q

What is the most common endocrine disease?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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9
Q

What are the hormones in the pancreas? 2 things.

A
  1. Insulin

2. Glucagon

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10
Q

What is the function of the pancreas? Endocrine and Exocrine.

A

Endocrine: regulates blood sugars
Exocrine: Helps in Digestion

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11
Q

What 2 cells are in the islet of langherhan?

A
  1. Beta cells (secrete insulin)

2. Aplha cells ( secretes glucagon)

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12
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Move glucose across membrane to cells for ATP. If more glucose than the body needs, store it in the liver as glycogen.

To maintain glucose homeostasis

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13
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Takes storage form of glucose, glycogen, from liver into circulation when it is needed.

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14
Q

Define Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Disorder of insulin (action and or secretion)

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15
Q

What are the two types of insulin deficiency that there can be?

A
  1. Absolute deficiency

2. Relative deficiency

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16
Q

Define absolute deficiency.

A

pancreas produces no insulin

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17
Q

Define relative deficiency.

A

produced insulin is abnormal

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18
Q

What is the problem that occurs with Diabetes Melitus in regards to glucose?

A

Compromised glucose homeostasis.

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19
Q

What are the long term complications that can arise from DM?

A

Renal, CV, Ocular, Neuro

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20
Q

What are the 2 classifications of Diabetes?

A

Type 1 A/B

Type 2

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21
Q

Describe Type 1 A DM

A

Immune disorder (90-95%)

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22
Q

Define Type 1 B DM

A

Idiopathic (5-10%)

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23
Q

Is type 1 DM absolute or relative deficiency?

A

Absolute deficiency

24
Q

Type 2 DM accounts for how much of the total of DM?

A

90%

25
Q

What is the ET of Type 1 / Type 2.

A

Complex trait (polygenic + environment)

26
Q

What is the ET of Type 1?

A
  1. Familiar (^ risk 10x)
  2. Insulin gene on Chrm 11 (10 %)
  3. MHC genes on Chrs 6 (40%)
27
Q

Describe the role of insulin gene on chrm 11?

A

Proteins regulate division and function of betta cells

28
Q

Describe the role of MHC genes on chrm 6?

A

self antigens on the beta cells

29
Q

What is the ET of Type 2 (MODY)
1.
2.

A
  1. 50% d/t gluokinase gene on chrm 7 - codes for enzyme glucokinase
  2. Lifestyle (obesity)
30
Q

What is the role of glucokinase?

A

NORMALLY: Phosphate binds to glucose in the cells, therefore glocuse can’t move out of the cells.
ABNORMALLY: the absence of glucokinase, glucose will move out of the cells again in the CV causing hyperglycemia

31
Q

What are the 2 important states of DM?

A
  1. Prediabetes

2. Metabolic Syndrome

32
Q

What does Prediabetes include? 3 things.

A
  1. IFG (Impaired fasting glucose)
  2. HbA1c
  3. IGT
33
Q

Explain what IFG is, and how this test is done?

A

Impaired Fasting glucose between 6.1-6.9 mmol/L
- pt. fast for 10 hours
- glucose tested in AM in a fasted state
normal range is 5.0-5.5 …. above that is considered abnormal.

34
Q

Explain what HbA1c role is in prediabetes state?

A
  • Hyperglycemia, glucose binds to proteins in the blood and makes the proteins less functional
  • Measuring the protein to see how much glucose has bound to it.
  • 6 - 6.4% considered high
  • less than 6 % considered normal
35
Q

Why is HbA1c the chosen protein to test for in prediabetes state for DM?

A
  • high affinity for glucose and the binding is permanent
36
Q

Explain the role of IGT in prediabetes state in DM?

A

-Impaired glucose tolerance

37
Q

How is the IGT test done in prediabetes state for DM?

A
  • pt. fast over night
  • measure glucose concentration (should be 5.0-5.5)
  • give pt. glucose solution
  • measure pt. 15 minute intervals
  • glucose levels increase after 2 hours would NORMALLY go back down
  • Prediabetes… fasting level of glucose would already be high. Longer come down from the spike.
38
Q

Metabolic Syndrome state is predisposition to what?

A

-Predisposition to Type 2 DM and CV Disease

39
Q

What does Insulin resistance mean?

A

Insulin is present, but it is unable to do its job.

  1. Insulin Present
  2. Hyperglycemic state
  3. Insulin unable to bring about hypoglycemic resposne
40
Q

Explain the 6 step process that are involved in Metabolic Syndrome?

A
  1. IFG
  2. IGT
  3. Insulin Resistance
  4. HTN
  5. Abdominal Obesity (Diabesity)
  6. Hyperlipidemia
41
Q

What is the abdominal measurement for men in women for diabesity?

A

men: greater than or equal to 102 cm
women: greater than or equal to 88 cm

42
Q

Is type 1 DM usually an early age onset?

A

yes.

43
Q

In Type 1 DM, what is happening to the beta cells?

A

Progressive destruction d/t autoimmune disorder (either genetic or enviro trigger (virus?)

44
Q

In Type 1 DM, how many of the beta cells can be destroyed?

A

Up to 90%

45
Q

Is Type 1 DM considered to be absolute or relative deficiency?

A

Absolute deficiency

46
Q

Define Insulitis:

A

Inflammation of the islet

47
Q

Is Type 2 DM typically an early or later age onset?

A

Most cases (should be) later age onset

48
Q

Why would type 2 DM be occurring in younger ages?

A

Childhood obesity / inactivity

49
Q

In Type 2 DM are the beta cells being destructed?

A

No, the beta cells are intact.

50
Q

Is Type 2 DM considered to be absolute or relative deficiency?

A

Relative deficiency

51
Q

What are the 3 things that relate to Insulin Deficiency in Type 2 DM?

A
  1. delayed secretion
  2. defective target cell response
  3. Insulin Resistance
52
Q

T or F: Type 2 can consists of normal, decreased, or increased insulin levels

A

T.

53
Q

Which form of DM is considered to be more severe? Type 1 or Type 2?

A

Type 1. Although Type 2 can become very serious!

54
Q

What is occurring to the islet cells in Type 2 DM?

A

Hyalinization

- Deposit of amyloid proteins

55
Q

Normally the liver stores glucose as glycogen at a hyperglycemic state, on the contrary, Abnormal would mean the liver is releasing glucose at a hyperglycemic state. Why?

A

Glucose in the blood, not in the cells, therefore body things to release more glucose

Post Midterm Patho (16 decks)

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