Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Post Midterm Patho > Coronary Artery Diseases Continued > Flashcards

Coronary Artery Diseases Continued Flashcards

1
Q

What is Endocarditis?

A

Bacterial infection in the endocardium and the valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 Requirements for endocarditis to occur?

A
  1. Microbe must be able to get into Cardiovascular System

2. Microbe must be able to adhere to the endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is it difficult for the microbe to enter the Cardiovascular system?

A

Because of the defence cells circulating in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are two ways that adherence of the microbe to the endocardium/valve is made possible?

A
  1. Sutures, post surgery

2. Valvular dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The bacteria in endocarditis colonizes amongst what 2 things?

A

Platelets and fibrin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the Local Manifestations of Endocarditis? (4)

What are the systemic manifestations? (2)

A
  1. Dysfunction of the Heart
  2. Possible distal emobolization if an emblous breaks off from the colony that has formed.
  3. Can cause Valvular Dysfunction
  4. Murmur heard
  5. fever
  6. chills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diagnosis of Endocarditis?

A
  1. Echocardiogram

2. C & S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tx for Endocarditis?

A
  1. Antibiotic for the infection (ex. penicillin, vancomycin)

2. Treat the Cardiac Complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Rheumatic Fever?

A

Immune Mediated Inflammation that effects multiple organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the Antibodies and T Cells do in response to Rheumatic Fever which is problematic?

A

They mistarget integument, CNS, Joints and the Heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does mistargeting of the antigens in the heart cause to happen to the heart?

A

inflammation of the pericardium, myocardium and the valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is Rheumatic Heart Disease an Infection in the Heart?

A

No. It is caused by an infection but what happens to the Heart is inflammation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the treatment for Rheumatic Heart Disease?

A
  1. Antibiotic for the infection (not in the heart, penicillin or erythromycin)
  2. Anti-inflammatory drugs
  3. Bed rest
  4. Symptomatic Management (management of pain / swelling joints)
  5. Avoid cardiac failure, deal with the complications.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is acute RHD life threatening?

A

No, it is self limiting. Chronic can cause severe heart damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Congestive Heart Failure.

A

NOT A DISEASE. It is a group of manifestations related to dysfunction of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Congestive Heart Failure , what does the word congestion refer to?

A

Pooling of blood in the vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CHF is the end point of what?

A

Serious Heart Disease

  • Cardiomyopathy
  • MI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Etiology of CHF?

A
  1. Cardiomyopathy
  2. MI
  3. ^^ excessive workload on the heart
  4. Valvular Disease
  5. Hypervolemia
  6. Uncontrolled HTN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does L sided Heart failure lead to?

A

R sided Heart Failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe Left Sided Heart Failure beginning in the Left Ventricle.

A

L Ventricle not able to eject all the blood – Residual Blood in Left ventricle. L Atria works harder to eject all its blood to the LV. Unable to do so, therefore can’t receive all of the blood from the Pulmonary Circuit. Pulmonary Congestion occurs (pooling of blood in the vessels) – Leads to ^^ Hydrostatic Pressure – leads to Increase fluid in the interstitial spaces (Pulmonary Edema occurs). Right Ventricle now tries to work harder to pump into the Pulmonary circuit, result in the R Ventricle being hypertrophied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 3 main signs of R sided heart failure?

A

Systemic congestion

  • Jugular Venous Distension
  • Abdominal Organ Distention
  • Peripheral Edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main sign of L sided heart failure?

A

Pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why does the heart not initially fail when it begins to become congested?

A

Compensatory mechanisms kick it.

24
Q

Does compensated Heart Failure show any symptoms?

A

No, it is asymptomatic until the compensation fails.

25
Q 
What are the 6 mechanisms of Compensated Heart Failure?
V
S
R
N
E
C
A
  1. Ventricle Dilation
  2. SNS
  3. RAAS
  4. Natuertic Peptides
  5. Endothelins
  6. Cardiac Hypertrophy / Remodelling
26
Q

Describe the mechanism of Ventricular Dilation

A

Increase of ED volume – Increase stretch of ventricles – Increase preload – Increase cardiac output

Long term: overstretch / ^^ 02 requirement for heart because it requires more ATP.

27
Q

Describe the mechanism of SNS

A

Sympathetic Nervous System causes:

  • Vasoconstriction
  • Tachycardia
  • Increase contractility

*all aiming to increase CO

28
Q

Describe the mechanism of RAAS

A

Aiming to increase Blood pressure

29
Q

Describe the mechanism of Nateuretic Peptides

A

ANP/BNP
-both produced by the heart

  • Causes diuersis and natriuresis
  • Affects Smooth Muscle (vasodolation to decrease pressure)
30
Q

Describe the mechanism of Endothelins.

A

Vasoconstrictors

Smooth muscle proliferates (^^ in numbers, and hypertrophies)

31
Q

Describe the mechanism of Cardiac Hypertrophy/ Remodelling.

A
  • ^ workload of failing heart leads to… Hypertrophy
  • eventually will cause a decrease in contractility
  • Requires more 02, myocardial dysfunction will occur
32
Q

Can the heart continue to compensate for the failure forever?

A

No, Uncompensated Heart Failure will occur

33
Q

Can the heart compensate for years?

A

Yes

34
Q

What are the manifestations of Uncompensated Heart Failure?

A
  1. Decreased HR, Decreased CO
  2. Effects of Impaired Pumping

(SNS mediated)

35
Q

Dx of CHF? 3 subgroups.

A
  1. Risk Factors (Hx, Px)
  2. Labs (CBC, Hgb, (looking for anemia), Liver Function Tests
  3. ECG/ Echocardiogram
36
Q

Tx of Acute CHF

A

Stabilize and correct cause:

  • Inotrope
  • Diuretics
  • Vasodilators
37
Q

Tx of Chronic CHF

A
  • Try to help the symptoms
  • Try to decrease risks
  • Try to improve the Fx
38
Q

For CHF… ejection fraction

A

ACEI & BetaBlocker

39
Q

For CHF… if ejection fraction is equal to or >40%, how do you treat?

A
  • Tx the cause
  • ACEI & BetaBlocker
  • Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (if symptom is w/ activity)
  • ^^ dose or add diuretic if symptom is at rest
  • Sx for repairable defect
40
Q

What is Pericarditis?

A

Pericardial Inflammation

membrane that lines the heart, not part of the heart wall

41
Q

What causes pericarditis?

A

Infection or injury

42
Q

Inflammation cause an increase of capillary permeability and exudate to form, in the case of pericarditis, where does this exudate shift to?

A

Exudate will be in pericardial space.

43
Q

What type of exudate is there in Pericarditis?

A

Fibrinous or fluid.

44
Q

What does this exudate cause to happen in pericarditis?

A

Restricts the filling of the heart, therefore restricts cardiac function.

45
Q

Which exudate is considered “worse” in pericarditis? Why?

A

Fibrinous. The fluid can’t be displaced, where as the fluid exudate could be displaced depending on the A or V filling.

46
Q

What is the triad manifestations of Pericarditis?

A
  1. Chest pain (^^ by resp movement, aggravated by moving torso or breathing.)
  2. Pericardial rub (sound heard through stethoscope when patient breathes)
  3. ECG changes (emptying / filling of the heart altered)
47
Q

What is the treatment for pericarditis?

A
  • Based on the cause
  • Antiinflammatory drugs
  • Abx? If it is caused by bacterial infection
48
Q

What can pericarditis lead to?

A

Cardiac Tamponade

49
Q

Define Cardiac Tamponade.

A

External compression of the heart.

50
Q

What is cardiac tamponade caused by?

A

D/t accumulation of fluid, pus, or air in pericardial space (this restricts filling and emptying of the heart)

51
Q

Is cardiac tamponade life threatening?

A

Yes.

52
Q

What type of shock is cardiac tamponade an example of?

A

Obstructive shock.

53
Q

What are the manifestations of cardiac tamponade?

A

Decrease C0 –> decreased arterial pressure –> compensatory response –> tachycardia (temporary) – body realizes this is not working/ helping so will stop

54
Q

What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade?

A

Stat pericardiocentesis

55
Q

What is pericardiocentesis?

A

Remove the fluid from the pericardial space! Quickly!

56
Q

What happens if fluid is not removed quickly from the pericardial space in treatment for cardiac tamponade?

A

Fluid could become solid (ex. blood clot) this would mean you could not aspirate the fluid, and would need to be surgically removed.

Post Midterm Patho (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions