Endocrine Disease Flashcards
What is endocrine disease?
The dysfunction of hormone secreting glands
What are the 2 types of hormone dysfunction?
Primary
Secondary
What is primary dysfunction?
Gland dysfunction
What is secondary dysfunction?
Control dysfunction
What is multiple endocrine neaplasia?
rare, inherited disorder that affects the endocrine glands or organs
What is in MEN 2b?
Medullary thyroid
Mucosal neuromas
Marfanoid appearance
Where is the pituitary gland?
The skull base attached to the hypothalamus
What are the 2 components of the pituitary gland?
Anterior
Posterior
The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus. What 2 links does the hypothalamus have?
Neurol
Peptide
What is the anterior section of the pituitary gland served by?
Vascular plexus
What is the posterior part of the pituitary gland served by?
Vascular plexus
neurol
What connects the pituitary gland to the base of the brain?
Stock
What hormones does the pituitary gland release?
TRH
GnRH
CRH
Hormones from the pituitary gland act directly on what to cause affect?
The tissues
What hormone does the posterior pituitary gland release?
Anti diuretic hormone
What causes pituitary tumours?
The dysfunction from adenomas
What 2 types of adenomas are there?
Functional
Non functional
What is functional adenomas?
Produces active hormone and increases the normal hormone output
What is non functional adenomas?
Affects the tissue causing no secretion
What affect can non functional tumour have?
Visual field affects
Hormone deficiency
Where is the optic chiasm?
Centre of the brain
What happens when the tumours grow to the optic chiasm?
Gets crushed from the pressure and causes visual defects
What way do the adenomas tumours grow?
Upwards and gradual
How is adenomas tumour removed?
Trans sphenoidal surgery
How does insufficient grown hormone affect children?
Causes growth failure
How does insufficient frown hormone affect adults?
Increased fat
Reduced vitality
When is growth hormone released?
Night time
What happens to GH levels?
They change
What happens to IGH 1 levels?
They stay the same
What happens to children if there is excess growth hormone?
Giantism
What happens to adults if there is excess growth hormone?
Acromegaly
What are the signs of acromegaly?
Enlarged hands
Enlarged tongue
Interdental spacing
Reverse overbite
What is hyperthyroidism?
Excess hormone
What is hypothyroidism?
Deficiency in hormone
What 2 kinds of thyroid disease is there?
Primary
Secondary
What is hyperthyroidism most commonly caused by?
Graves’ disease (70-80% of cases)
Is hyperthyroidism organ specific?
Yes
What are some signs of hyperthyroidism?
Warm moist skin
Increased BP and HF
Tremor
Eyelid retraction
What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Hot and excessive sweating
Weight loss
Diarrhoea
Palpitations
Anxiety
How does Graves’ disease present?
Goitre
Causes proptosis
What is goitre?
Swelling of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck
What is proptosis?
Pushes the eyeball forward due to inflammation and swelling of the tissue in the socket
What causes hypothyroidism?
Autoimmune attack on the gland causing breakdown of tissue
What is Hashimoto?
Breakdown of the thyroid gland tissue
What medication can cause hypothyroidism?
Amiodarone
Cabrimazole
Lithium
What are the signs of hypothyroidism?
Dry skin
Bradycardia
Confusion
Goitre
Delayed reflex
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Tired
Cold
Weight gain
Angina
Hair loss (eyebrows)
Who is more commonly affected by hypothyroidism?
Middle aged, female
What investigations are used for thyroid disease?
Blood test
Imaging
Tissue biopsy
What 2 tissue biopsy’s are used for thyroid disease?
FNA (cell)
FNB (tissue)
If hyperthyroidism has been caused by graves’ disease how would T3 + TSH present?
T3 is raised
TSH is low
If hyperthyroidism has been caused by the pituitary how would T3 + TSH present?
T3 is raised
TSH is raised
If hypothyroidism has been caused by the gland which is most common, how would T4 + TSH present?
T4 is low
TSH is raised
If hypothyroidism has been caused by the pituitary how would T4 + TSH present?
T4 is low
TSH is low
Hyperthyroidism treatment
Carbimazole
Beta blockers
What does carbimazole do?
Blocks and replaces T4
Hypothyroidism treatment
Thyroxine
What does thyroxine do?
Replacement therapy - slow response
What is diabetes mellitus?
Abnormalities of glucose regulation
What is diabetes insipidus?
abnormalities of renal function
What percent of people have type 1 diabetes?
10%
What percent of people have type 2 diabetes
85%
What tests are available for diabetes?
Random sugar
Fasting sugar
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
What number do you expect to get with someone who doesn’t have diabetes FPG?
<6.1
What number do you expect to get from someone who had diabetes FPG?
> 7.0
