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Human Disease > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cardiac arrhythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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2
Q

What are the 2 most dangerous cardiac arrhythmia?

A

Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia

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3
Q

What do you call an arrhythmia that is too slow?

A

Bradyarrthymia

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4
Q

Why is Bradyarrthmia too slow?

A

Arrhythmia is <60/min

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5
Q

What do you call an arrhythmia that is too fast?

A

Tachyarrythmia

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6
Q

Why is tachyarrythmia too fast?

A

Arrhythmia is >100/min

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7
Q

What is the treatment of ventricular fibrillation?

A

Heart valve surgery
Transplant

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8
Q

Where on the body will you find a pacemaker?

A

Left upper chest wall

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9
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

Implantable cardiovascular defibrillator

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10
Q

What side of the heart is most commonly affected by valvular heart disease?

A

The left side

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11
Q

What valves are affected in valvular heart disease?

A

Aortic valve
Mitral valve

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12
Q

What can cause VHD?

A

Ineffective endocarditis
Rheumatic fever

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13
Q

Is VHD age related?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What are the 2 processes of VHD?

A

Regurgitation
Stenosis

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15
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Loss of valve integrity
Becomes floppy
Leaks

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16
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing of valve
Obstruction of flow

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17
Q

What can regurgitation and stenosis lead to?

A

Heart failure

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18
Q

What is the treatment for VHD?

A

Medication
Surgery
TAVI

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19
Q

What are some dental implications to VHD?

A

Patient’s on anticoagulant
Risk of ineffective endocarditis

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20
Q

Ineffective endocarditis can be induced by invasive procedures. How does this affect dental treatment?

A

Dental procedures + tooth brushing may lead to ineffective endocarditis

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21
Q

What are the types of congenital heart disease?

A

Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosclerosis
Coarctation of the aorta
Tetralogy of fallot

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22
Q

What is a atrial septal defect?

A

Hole in septum

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23
Q

Is there risk of ineffective endocarditis with atrial septal defect?

A

No

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24
Q

What is ventricular septal defect?

A

Hole in ventricular septum

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25
Q

Is there risk of endocarditis with ventricular septal defect?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What is patent ductus arteriousus?

A

Ductus arteries is part of foetal circulation - closes at birth

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27
Q

Is there risk of endocarditis with patent ductus arteriousus?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Narrowing of the aorta at the site on embryonic ductus arteries

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29
Q

Is there risk of endocarditis with coarctation of the aorta?

A

Yes

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30
Q

What is ineffective endocarditis?

A

Prolonged febrile illness where there’s valve degeneration and failure

31
Q

How is ineffective endo diagnosed?

A

In hospital
Blood cultures
Echocardiogram

32
Q

What is the treatment for ineffective endo?

A

Prolonged course of intravenous antibiotics
Surgery (maybe)

33
Q

What could put a persons risk higher of ineffective endo?

A

Stenosis or regurgitation
Valve replacement
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

34
Q

What are some dental aspects of ineffective endo?

A

Maintain good OH to avoid surgery and bacteria
Prophylaxis no longer routinely given

35
Q

If a person has no penicillin allergy what would you give them and when in relation to ineffective endo?

A

Amoxicillin - 3g 1 hour before procedure

36
Q

If person has an allergy to penicillin what would you give them and when in relation to ineffective endo?

A

Clindamycin - 600mg (2 capsules) 1 hour before procedure

37
Q

What is the most common cause of VHD

38
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

Atherosclerosis affecting peripheral vessels

39
Q

What does PVD affect?

A

Lower limbs
Abdominal area

40
Q

What are some of the symptoms of PVD - Atherosclerosis and narrowed artery

A

Leg pain
Skin changes
Ulcers
Hair loss
Nail changes

41
Q

What are the 2 types of PVD?

A

Atherosclerosis + narrowed artery
Embolus or atherosclerosis plaque rupture

42
Q

What are the symptoms for PVD - Embolus or atherosclerosis plaque rupture?

A

Severe leg pain (constant)
Pale
No pulse
Cold

43
Q

What’s the management for PVD?

A

Exercise
Surgery

44
Q

What kind of surgery is available for PVD?

A

Bypass grafts
Stent
Amputation

45
Q

What is abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Damage to the vessel wall from atherosclerosis

46
Q

What can happen if abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs?

A

Catastrophic rupture or tear

47
Q

What is available in the UK to prevent abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Screening offered to men >65

48
Q

What are the symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Often asymptomatic
Vague abdominal pain

49
Q

What can happen if there is a rupture - abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Collapse, severe pain
High mortality (50-90%)

50
Q

What does ischaemic heart disease present as?

A

Stable angina
Acute Coronary syndrome
Heart failure
Arrhythmias

51
Q

What is stable angina?

A

Narrowing of the arteries by atherosclerosis

52
Q

Does stable a fine affect dental treatment?

A

No, if stable + GTN spray works

53
Q

What are the 2 types of coronary syndromes?

A

Unstable angina
Myocardial infarction

54
Q

Crushing central chest pain
Clammy
Neuseated
Dizzy
Breathless

These are symptoms of what?

A

Unstable angina + myocardial infarction

55
Q

ACS medical emergency - What do you do?

A

ABCDE approach
3 doses of GTN

56
Q

During a medical emergency of ACS you give GTN spray. How would you administer this?

A

3 doses under the tongue - 5 mins apart

57
Q

What is heart failure?

A

The heart cannot adequately pump blood around the body

58
Q

What is the prevalence of heart failure?

A

20/1000 rising to 100/1000 in those over 65

59
Q

What can cause heart failure?

A

Hypertensive heart disease
Cardiac arrhythmias
Heart valve disease
Disease of myocardium

60
Q

How does heart failure present?

A

Gradual onset
Fatigue
Breathlessness
Peripheral oedema

61
Q

Where are the 2 places fluid accumulation happens?

A

Lungs
Peripheries

62
Q

If there’s fluid accumulation in the lungs how would this present?

A

Breathlessness lying flat or on exertion

63
Q

If there’s fluid accumulation in the peripheries how would this present?

A

Swelling - dependent on area affected but most commonly the legs

64
Q

How is heart failure diagnosed?

A

History + exam
Blood tests
Echocardiography
ECG

65
Q

What type of blood test is used for HF?

A

Incl B type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

66
Q

What is the treatment for HF?

A

ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Devices

67
Q

What are the oral side effects do medication given for HF?

A

Dry mouth
Lichenoid reaction
Glossitis
Taste disturbance

68
Q

What are some dental aspects with patients with HF?

A

Avoid treating if unstable
Oral side effects
Avoid NSAIDS
Pacemaker - Use of USS

69
Q

HF medical emergency

A

ABCDE approach
Potentially cardiac arrest
Use AED

70
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

Between 90/60 to 120/80 mmHg

71
Q

What is considered high blood pressure?

A

140/90 mmHg

72
Q

What is considered low blood pressure?

A

Less than 90/60 mmHg

73
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The pressure when your heart pushes blood out

74
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure when your heart rests in between beats

Human Disease (16 decks)

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