Endocrine/Diabetes Flashcards
1
Q
The endocrine system is dependent on:
A
negative feedback systems
2
Q
Known as the hypophysis
A
Pituitary gland
3
Q
Disorder of under secretion of ADH
A
Diabetes insipidus
4
Q
Renal-related etiology of Diabetes Insipidus
A
sick kidneys have decreased response of renal tubules to ADH
5
Q
CNS related etiologies of DI that cause the pituitary to diminish its secretion of ADH can include:
A
pituitary tumor
Acute abnormality that puts pressure on the pituitary gland
6
Q
Regardless of etiology, decreased ADH causes:
A
water to indiscriminately flow from peritubular capillaries into kidney tubules > very dilute urine
7
Q
S/S of DI
A
large amounts of very dilute urine (polyuria)
Polidypsia
S/S of dehydration due to water being pulled from B to T
8
Q
Disorder of too much ADH secretion
A
SIADH
9
Q
Abnormally high levels of ADH can cause:
A
diluted plasma compartment & lower serum osmo > small amounts of very concentrated urine
10
Q
Decreased urine output in SIADH is caused by
A
the body holding onto water inappropriately
11
Q
S/S of inappropriate water retention:
A
peripheral & pulmonary edema
12
Q
S/S of dehydration
A
Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor
13
Q
SIADH is typically caused by:
A
Ectopically produced ADH
Drugs that effect the brain
Brain trauma/tumors
14
Q
SIADH is characterized by:
A
Abnormally high levels of ADH
14
Q
Decreasing urination results in
A
Increased vascular fluid Volume
15
Q
Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland
A
Thyroxine & triiodothyronine
Calcitonin
16
Q
Calcitonin increases calcium movement from ___ to ___
A
Blood to bone
17
Q
T3 & T4 are dependent on uptake of ___
A
Iodide
18
Q
T3 and T4 act on ____
A
Receptor cells of many different organs
19
Q
Drop in serum T3 & T4 levels results in
A
Stimulation of the pituitary to secrete TSH
20
Q
State of having excess T3 &T4
A
Hyperthyroidism
21
Q
Lab work of Hyperthyroidism would show ___ T4 levels and ___ TSH levels
A
Elevated; lower than normal
22
Q
Bulging eyes from deposits of excess tissue behind the eyes
A
Exophthalmus
23
Q
Enlargement of the thyroid
A
Goiter
24
Hyperthyroid goiter is due to ___
Hypertrophy from pathologic overactivity
25
Hypothyroid goiter is caused by:
Compensatory Hyperplasia & hypertrophy
| Inflammation from autoimmune attack
26
GI effects of hyperthyroidism
Increased appetite, diarrhea
27
Cardiovascular effects of hyperthyroidism
Tachycardia, increased afterload, sometimes HF
28
Body changes due to hyperthyroidism
Weight loss
increased body temp
Warm, flushed, sweaty skin
29
Hyperthyroid crisis state
Thyroid storm
30
State of deficient T3 & T4 production/release
Hypothyroidism
31
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s
32
Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s) is caused by
Autoantibodies destroying thyroid tissue & replacing with lymphocytes & scar tissue
33
Congenital hypothyroidism with stunted mental & physical growth
Cretinism
34
Lab work for hypothyroidism will show ___ T4 levels and ___ TSH levels
Low; higher than normal
35
Changes in the dermis that cause water to get trapped under the skin cause
Myxedema
36
Hypothyroid crisis state
Myxedema crisis/coma
37
Tx of hypothyroidism
Synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine)
38
Lower than normal serum calcium
Hypocalcemia
39
Higher than normal serum calcium
Hypercalcemia
40
Chief hormone regulators of calcium movement
Calcitonin & PTH
41
Calcitonin enhances movement of calcium from:
From blood to bone
42
PTH enhances movement of calcium from:
Bone back into circulation (resorption)
43
PTH helps move calcium back into circulation by:
Increasing osteoclastic activity
44
In a state of hypocalcemia, PTH secretion is ___ and calcitonin secretion is ___
Increased; suppressed
45
I’m a state of hypercalcemia, PTH secretion is ___ and calcitonin secretion is ___
Suppressed; increased
46
Suppression of PTH secretion results in:
Decreased osteoclast activity
47
Pathologically porous bone
Osteoporosis
48
Osteoporosis is caused by ___ as part of aging & genetics
Increased resorption thru increased osteoclast activity
49
Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women is due to:
Loss of estrogen
50
Condition of having somewhat less than normal bone density
Osteopenia
51
Medications that treat osteoporosis aim to:
Decrease osteoclastic activity
52
Urologic complication of hypercalcemia
Kidney stones
53
“After eating”
Post prandial
54
Hyperglycemia stimulates the secretion of
Insulin
55
Hypoglycemia triggers the secretion of:
Regulatory hormones
56
Regulatory hormones include:
Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone
57
Glucagon is secreted by the
Pancreas
58
GH is secreted by
The pituitary
59
An endogenous steroidal hormone that affects many metabolic activities of the bbody
Cortisol
60
Mineralocorticoid that directs the kidneys to hold onto Na+ in blood
aldosterone
61
Two main components of Cushing's syndrome
hypercortisolism & hyperaldosteronism
62
Hypercortisolism is usually called ___ when the high levels of cortisol are due to receiving long term steroid treatment
Cushing's syndrome
63
Hypercostisolism is usually called ___ when two general situations are present
Cushing's disease
64
A PT is said to have Cushing's disease in these 2 situations:
1. pathologic over secretion of ACTH
| 2. Adrenal cortex hyper-secretes cortisol due to a tumor or other malfunction
65
Over-secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
hyperaldosteronism
66
"cushioned appearance" is due to ___
hyperlipidemia causing fat deposition in the trunk, face, and back
67
Common occurrence with increased levels of cortisol & aldosterone regarding glucose
hyperglycemia and development of DM2
68
hyperglycemia in hypercorticolism & hyperaldosteronism is due to:
pathologically increased glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
69
S/S of hyperaldosteronism
weight gain, edema, & HTN due to increased Na+ & H2O retention;
hypokalemia
70
Disease that results from a state of hypocortisolism & hypoaldosteronism
Addison's disease
71
Addison's dz is caused by: ___ & ___
hypo secretion of aldosterone from pituitary & autoantibody attack of the adrenal gland
72
S/S of Addison's dz:
hypocortisolism
| Hypoaldosteronism
73
S/S of hypocortisolism
hypoglycemia
| Anorexia, N/V/D
74
S/S of hypoaldosternism
polyuria > hypotension from decreased blood volume
75
Addisonian crisis is a state of ___
severe hypotension due to fluid loss
76
"Passing too much honey flavored urine"
diabetes mellitus
77
2 tests for DM
Fasting blood sugar & A1-c
78
Indirect way to measure average daily glucose levels
glycosylated hemoglobin
79
Hemoglobin molecules that pick up glucose
glycosylated hemoglobin or Hgb A1c
80
Normally, no more than about ___ of the total Hgb molecules should be glycosylated
4-6%
81
DM1 is due to ___
total lack of insulin secretion from the pancreas
82
DM2 is due to ___
abnormally low insulin production
or
impaired insulin utilization
83
DM1 is a result of genetics & possible environmental factors that cause ___
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
84
If not treated, the effects of DM1 can lead to:
diabetic ketoacidosis
85
S/S of DM1
```
hyperglycemia
glycosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
dehydration
```
86
Compensatory mechanism for DKA
kussmaul respirations to blow off CO2
87
Only definitive treatment for DM1
insulin
88
If not treated, DKA can progress to:
diabetic coma
89
In most cases, the cause of DM2 is:
obesity
90
Obesity causes DM2 due to:
decreased number of insulin receptors present on fat cells
91
Effect of Hyperglycemia on beta cells due to insulin resistant fat cells:
beta cells to go into overdrive secreting insulin
92
Pancreatic overdrive from hyperglycemia causes:
hyperinsulinemia
93
Due to the presence of some insulin being present in DM2, there is usually no:
S/S of metabolic acidosis
94
Extreme state of DM2
HHNKS (hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar-nonketotic syndrome
95
DM1 has a __ onset where as DM2 has a __ onset
acute; insidious (slow)
96
Problems present in both DM1 and DM2
macroangiopathy
microangiopathy
neuropathy
97
Glucose toxicity that damages large & medium sized vessels
macroangiopathy
98
Glucose toxicity that damages small sized vessels
microangiopathy
99
Glucose toxicity also impairs:
phagocytic function
100
Cluster of traits that increases risk for VC disease that includes DM2 hyperglycemia
metabolic syndrome
101
Defined as BGL <70
hypoglycemia
102
Severe hypoglycemia is most commonly seen as a result of:
taking too much insulin or taking it without eating
103
Hypocalcemia is caused by:
hypoparathyroidism & hyper secretion of calcitonin
104
S/S of hypocalcemia are associated with:
muscle spasms/irritability
105
Clinical sign of nerve hyper excitability seen with hypocalcemia
Chvostek's sign
106
S/S associated with hypercalcemia
weakness/lethargy
108
Hormone that increases glycogenolysis
Glucagon
109
In general, DM is characterized by:
hyperglycemia & glucosuria
110
2 most common causes of Addison's dz
deficient ACTH secretion from pituitary malfunction;
| Adrenal gland atrophy & hypofunction from autoimmune disorder
111
What is the function of aldosterone?
directing the kidneys to hold onto Na+ and therefore H2O in exchange for potassium secretion
112
Effect of Addison's dz on BGL
hypoglycemia
113
Normal FBS
70-99
114
What 2 substances are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
cortisol & aldosterone
115
Etiology of DM2
Obesity > fat cells have decreased insulin receptors > insulin resistance > decreased ability to transport glucose inside cells > hyperglycemia
116
___ stimulates gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis
Glucagon
117
___ ___ & ___ cause S?S of shakiness, irritability, and sweating in hypoglycemia
epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone
118
PTH release is triggered by ___
Hypocalcemia
119
Calcitonin release is triggered by:
hypercalcemia
120
State of excess PTH release
hyperparathyroidism
121
Decreased osteoclastic activity results in ___
decreased calcium resorption
