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Pathophysiology > Endocrine/Diabetes > Flashcards

Endocrine/Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is dependent on:

A

negative feedback systems

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2
Q

Known as the hypophysis

A

Pituitary gland

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3
Q

Disorder of under secretion of ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus

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4
Q

Renal-related etiology of Diabetes Insipidus

A

sick kidneys have decreased response of renal tubules to ADH

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5
Q

CNS related etiologies of DI that cause the pituitary to diminish its secretion of ADH can include:

A

pituitary tumor

Acute abnormality that puts pressure on the pituitary gland

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6
Q

Regardless of etiology, decreased ADH causes:

A

water to indiscriminately flow from peritubular capillaries into kidney tubules > very dilute urine

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7
Q

S/S of DI

A

large amounts of very dilute urine (polyuria)
Polidypsia
S/S of dehydration due to water being pulled from B to T

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8
Q

Disorder of too much ADH secretion

A

SIADH

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9
Q

Abnormally high levels of ADH can cause:

A

diluted plasma compartment & lower serum osmo > small amounts of very concentrated urine

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10
Q

Decreased urine output in SIADH is caused by

A

the body holding onto water inappropriately

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11
Q

S/S of inappropriate water retention:

A

peripheral & pulmonary edema

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12
Q

S/S of dehydration

A

Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor

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13
Q

SIADH is typically caused by:

A

Ectopically produced ADH
Drugs that effect the brain
Brain trauma/tumors

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14
Q

SIADH is characterized by:

A

Abnormally high levels of ADH

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14
Q

Decreasing urination results in

A

Increased vascular fluid Volume

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15
Q

Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine & triiodothyronine

Calcitonin

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16
Q

Calcitonin increases calcium movement from ___ to ___

A

Blood to bone

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17
Q

T3 & T4 are dependent on uptake of ___

A

Iodide

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18
Q

T3 and T4 act on ____

A

Receptor cells of many different organs

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19
Q

Drop in serum T3 & T4 levels results in

A

Stimulation of the pituitary to secrete TSH

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20
Q

State of having excess T3 &T4

A

Hyperthyroidism

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21
Q

Lab work of Hyperthyroidism would show ___ T4 levels and ___ TSH levels

A

Elevated; lower than normal

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22
Q

Bulging eyes from deposits of excess tissue behind the eyes

A

Exophthalmus

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23
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid

A

Goiter

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24
Q

Hyperthyroid goiter is due to ___

A

Hypertrophy from pathologic overactivity

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25
Q

Hypothyroid goiter is caused by:

A

Compensatory Hyperplasia & hypertrophy

Inflammation from autoimmune attack

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26
Q

GI effects of hyperthyroidism

A

Increased appetite, diarrhea

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27
Q

Cardiovascular effects of hyperthyroidism

A

Tachycardia, increased afterload, sometimes HF

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28
Q

Body changes due to hyperthyroidism

A

Weight loss
increased body temp
Warm, flushed, sweaty skin

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29
Q

Hyperthyroid crisis state

A

Thyroid storm

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30
Q

State of deficient T3 & T4 production/release

A

Hypothyroidism

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31
Q

Autoimmune thyroiditis

A

Hashimoto’s

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32
Q

Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto’s) is caused by

A

Autoantibodies destroying thyroid tissue & replacing with lymphocytes & scar tissue

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33
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism with stunted mental & physical growth

A

Cretinism

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34
Q

Lab work for hypothyroidism will show ___ T4 levels and ___ TSH levels

A

Low; higher than normal

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35
Q

Changes in the dermis that cause water to get trapped under the skin cause

A

Myxedema

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36
Q

Hypothyroid crisis state

A

Myxedema crisis/coma

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37
Q

Tx of hypothyroidism

A

Synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine)

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38
Q

Lower than normal serum calcium

A

Hypocalcemia

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39
Q

Higher than normal serum calcium

A

Hypercalcemia

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40
Q

Chief hormone regulators of calcium movement

A

Calcitonin & PTH

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41
Q

Calcitonin enhances movement of calcium from:

A

From blood to bone

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42
Q

PTH enhances movement of calcium from:

A

Bone back into circulation (resorption)

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43
Q

PTH helps move calcium back into circulation by:

A

Increasing osteoclastic activity

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44
Q

In a state of hypocalcemia, PTH secretion is ___ and calcitonin secretion is ___

A

Increased; suppressed

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45
Q

I’m a state of hypercalcemia, PTH secretion is ___ and calcitonin secretion is ___

A

Suppressed; increased

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46
Q

Suppression of PTH secretion results in:

A

Decreased osteoclast activity

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47
Q

Pathologically porous bone

A

Osteoporosis

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48
Q

Osteoporosis is caused by ___ as part of aging & genetics

A

Increased resorption thru increased osteoclast activity

49
Q

Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women is due to:

A

Loss of estrogen

50
Q

Condition of having somewhat less than normal bone density

A

Osteopenia

51
Q

Medications that treat osteoporosis aim to:

A

Decrease osteoclastic activity

52
Q

Urologic complication of hypercalcemia

A

Kidney stones

53
Q

“After eating”

A

Post prandial

54
Q

Hyperglycemia stimulates the secretion of

A

Insulin

55
Q

Hypoglycemia triggers the secretion of:

A

Regulatory hormones

56
Q

Regulatory hormones include:

A

Glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone

57
Q

Glucagon is secreted by the

A

Pancreas

58
Q

GH is secreted by

A

The pituitary

59
Q

An endogenous steroidal hormone that affects many metabolic activities of the bbody

A

Cortisol

60
Q

Mineralocorticoid that directs the kidneys to hold onto Na+ in blood

A

aldosterone

61
Q

Two main components of Cushing’s syndrome

A

hypercortisolism & hyperaldosteronism

62
Q

Hypercortisolism is usually called ___ when the high levels of cortisol are due to receiving long term steroid treatment

A

Cushing’s syndrome

63
Q

Hypercostisolism is usually called ___ when two general situations are present

A

Cushing’s disease

64
Q

A PT is said to have Cushing’s disease in these 2 situations:

A
  1. pathologic over secretion of ACTH

2. Adrenal cortex hyper-secretes cortisol due to a tumor or other malfunction

65
Q

Over-secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex

A

hyperaldosteronism

66
Q

“cushioned appearance” is due to ___

A

hyperlipidemia causing fat deposition in the trunk, face, and back

67
Q

Common occurrence with increased levels of cortisol & aldosterone regarding glucose

A

hyperglycemia and development of DM2

68
Q

hyperglycemia in hypercorticolism & hyperaldosteronism is due to:

A

pathologically increased glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

69
Q

S/S of hyperaldosteronism

A

weight gain, edema, & HTN due to increased Na+ & H2O retention;
hypokalemia

70
Q

Disease that results from a state of hypocortisolism & hypoaldosteronism

A

Addison’s disease

71
Q

Addison’s dz is caused by: ___ & ___

A

hypo secretion of aldosterone from pituitary & autoantibody attack of the adrenal gland

72
Q

S/S of Addison’s dz:

A

hypocortisolism

Hypoaldosteronism

73
Q

S/S of hypocortisolism

A

hypoglycemia

Anorexia, N/V/D

74
Q

S/S of hypoaldosternism

A

polyuria > hypotension from decreased blood volume

75
Q

Addisonian crisis is a state of ___

A

severe hypotension due to fluid loss

76
Q

“Passing too much honey flavored urine”

A

diabetes mellitus

77
Q

2 tests for DM

A

Fasting blood sugar & A1-c

78
Q

Indirect way to measure average daily glucose levels

A

glycosylated hemoglobin

79
Q

Hemoglobin molecules that pick up glucose

A

glycosylated hemoglobin or Hgb A1c

80
Q

Normally, no more than about ___ of the total Hgb molecules should be glycosylated

A

4-6%

81
Q

DM1 is due to ___

A

total lack of insulin secretion from the pancreas

82
Q

DM2 is due to ___

A

abnormally low insulin production
or
impaired insulin utilization

83
Q

DM1 is a result of genetics & possible environmental factors that cause ___

A

autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

84
Q

If not treated, the effects of DM1 can lead to:

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

85
Q

S/S of DM1

A 
hyperglycemia
glycosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
dehydration
86
Q

Compensatory mechanism for DKA

A

kussmaul respirations to blow off CO2

87
Q

Only definitive treatment for DM1

A

insulin

88
Q

If not treated, DKA can progress to:

A

diabetic coma

89
Q

In most cases, the cause of DM2 is:

A

obesity

90
Q

Obesity causes DM2 due to:

A

decreased number of insulin receptors present on fat cells

91
Q

Effect of Hyperglycemia on beta cells due to insulin resistant fat cells:

A

beta cells to go into overdrive secreting insulin

92
Q

Pancreatic overdrive from hyperglycemia causes:

A

hyperinsulinemia

93
Q

Due to the presence of some insulin being present in DM2, there is usually no:

A

S/S of metabolic acidosis

94
Q

Extreme state of DM2

A

HHNKS (hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar-nonketotic syndrome

95
Q

DM1 has a __ onset where as DM2 has a __ onset

A

acute; insidious (slow)

96
Q

Problems present in both DM1 and DM2

A

macroangiopathy
microangiopathy
neuropathy

97
Q

Glucose toxicity that damages large & medium sized vessels

A

macroangiopathy

98
Q

Glucose toxicity that damages small sized vessels

A

microangiopathy

99
Q

Glucose toxicity also impairs:

A

phagocytic function

100
Q

Cluster of traits that increases risk for VC disease that includes DM2 hyperglycemia

A

metabolic syndrome

101
Q

Defined as BGL <70

A

hypoglycemia

102
Q

Severe hypoglycemia is most commonly seen as a result of:

A

taking too much insulin or taking it without eating

103
Q

Hypocalcemia is caused by:

A

hypoparathyroidism & hyper secretion of calcitonin

104
Q

S/S of hypocalcemia are associated with:

A

muscle spasms/irritability

105
Q

Clinical sign of nerve hyper excitability seen with hypocalcemia

A

Chvostek’s sign

106
Q

S/S associated with hypercalcemia

A

weakness/lethargy

108
Q

Hormone that increases glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon

109
Q

In general, DM is characterized by:

A

hyperglycemia & glucosuria

110
Q

2 most common causes of Addison’s dz

A

deficient ACTH secretion from pituitary malfunction;

Adrenal gland atrophy & hypofunction from autoimmune disorder

111
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

directing the kidneys to hold onto Na+ and therefore H2O in exchange for potassium secretion

112
Q

Effect of Addison’s dz on BGL

A

hypoglycemia

113
Q

Normal FBS

A

70-99

114
Q

What 2 substances are secreted from the adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol & aldosterone

115
Q

Etiology of DM2

A

Obesity > fat cells have decreased insulin receptors > insulin resistance > decreased ability to transport glucose inside cells > hyperglycemia

116
Q

___ stimulates gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon

117
Q

___ ___ & ___ cause S?S of shakiness, irritability, and sweating in hypoglycemia

A

epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone

118
Q

PTH release is triggered by ___

A

Hypocalcemia

119
Q

Calcitonin release is triggered by:

A

hypercalcemia

120
Q

State of excess PTH release

A

hyperparathyroidism

121
Q

Decreased osteoclastic activity results in ___

A

decreased calcium resorption

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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