Basic Concepts & Applications Flashcards
study of functions & processes that occur in body
Physiology
Study of underlying changes in body physiology that result from injury or illness
Pathophysiology
Maintenance of normal body conditions
Homeostasis
Return to homeostasis after being challenged by a stressor
Compensation
Failure of the body’s ability to appropriately meet the challenges of a stressor
Decompensation
Harmful condition of the body/mind
disease
Disturbance in the healthiness of the body
disorder
A collection of symptoms
syndrome
Factors that contribute to/increase probability that a dz will occur
risk factor
Condition or event that triggers a pathologic event or disorder
precipitating factor
Compensation is achieved by:
compensatory/control mechanisms
Normal ABG value for HCO3
22-26 mEq/L
Normal ABG value for pH:
7.35-7.45
Normal ABG value for pCO2
35-45
Normal ABG value for pO2
80-100
Normal ABG value for SaO2:
97-100%
Normal fasting blood sugar:
70-99 mg/dL
Normal urinary output:
> 30 cc/hr
The cause of a dz
etiology
dz with unidentifiable cause
idiopathic
problem that occurs as result of medical treatment
iatrogenic
problems resulting as consequence of being in a hospital environment
nosocomial
Subjective manifestations of a dz
symptoms
objective manifestations of a dz
signs
basic definition of shock:
low BP + S/S of hypo-perfusion
Aftermath of a dz (usually negative conotation)
sequela
to provoke or make worse
exacerbate
Any influence that can cause congenital defects
teratogen
Abnormalities that can be detected at birth or attributed to fetal development
congenital defects
Type of genetic disorder that results from alterations to the number or structure of a chromosome
chromosomal disorders/abberations
Alterations to NUMBERS of chromosomes
aneuploidy
22 pairs of chromosomes not responsible for sex traits
autosomal chromosomes
Partner genes have the same ___ on each respective chromosome
locus
Partner genes that code for the same trait
Alleles
Combination of environmental triggers and variations/mutations of genes that cause improper coding
multifactorial genetic disorders
“Teratogenic” is interchangeable with the term ___
congenital
Deletion, duplication, or rearrangement of gene sites is called:
translocation
___ are usually due to an inherited mutated gene
single gene disorders
Patterns of single gene disorders
autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, sex-linked
___ occurs when a mutated recessive gene partners up with an allele that is also mutated
autosomal recessive disorder
A person that has the S&S caused by the genotype is said to have the ___
phenotype
Mutated gene codes for misshapen RBCs > RBCs clog capillaries > ischemic pain , S&S of SOB, weakness, fatigue = ___
sickle cell anemia
A person with a ____ genotype will be a carrier of the dz even if they do not “have” the dz themselves
heterozygous
___ genotype occurs when the dominant gene codes for the dz characteristic
autosomal dominant
___ dz’s are caused baby a recessive allele that is always located only on a X chromosome
x-linked recessive
A female who inherits a diseased recessive gene will not have the dz because:
the other X chromosome will protect from coding for that dz
Cells depend on energy in the form of ___
ATP
State of greater than normal concentration of acidic substances in the body
acidosis
In hypoxic states, the body has to cycle back through ___ to produce ATPs
glycolysis
Anaerobic metabolism causes an accumulation of ___
pyruvate
If intake of food is greater than the body’s needs, the excess is stored in the form of ___ in the ___
glycogen; liver
Process of converting excess glucose to glycogen
glycogenesis
Breaking down glycogen is called ___
glycogenolysis
The next step in the body’s “backup plan” for cellular energy
gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis causes ___ to be broken down for energy
fats and proteins
Breakdown product of gluconeogenesis
ketones
DM1 PTs rely on ___ for cellular energy production
gluconeogenesis
___ begins the metabolic pathway
glucose
Beriberi is a deficiency in ___
thaimine (vitamin B1)
RMP of -60mV is said to be ___polarized
hypo
Low calcium causes cell membranes to become ___ permeable to Na+
more
Kypokalemia & hyponatremia causes cells to become ___polarized
hyper
Normal blood pH range
7.35-7.45
Normal blood HCO3 range
22-26
___ compensate for metabolic acidosis
the lungs
___ compensate for respiratory acidosis
the kidneys
Low pH and low HCO3 indicate ___
metabolic acidosis
In a state of respiratory acidosis, HCO3 values will be ___
normal
Decrease in cell size due to less-than-favorable conditions
atrophy
Increase in cell size due to synthesis of more subcellular components
hypertrophy
Increase in actual number of cells in a tissue or organ leading to increased tissue/organ size
hyperplasia
An alteration in cell shape, size, or organization, usually in epithelial cells due to chronic inflammation or irritation
dysplasia
Irreversible cellular adaptation where mature cells are replaced by another type of adult cell
metaplasia
Total body fluid loss of ___% in adults can lead to alterations in homeostasis
30%
A hypertonic solution has a relatively higher ___ pressure
osmotic
Excess fluid trapped in body tissues:
edema
Most common form of edema
peripheral
