Defense Mechanisms/Infection Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
Cell mediated responses typically occur in response to ___
A
viral infections
2
Q
Humoral mediated responses typically respond to ___
A
bacterial infections
3
Q
Negative effects of fever:
A
vasodilation causes hypotension
High temp causes increased metabolic rate which may lead to decompensation in elderly or infirmed
4
Q
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is caused by:
A
T-cells destroying insulin producing cells in the pancreas
5
Q
Role of the inflammatory response:
A
Facilitate fluid shifting to clean the area, begun clotting process, promote healing, and stimulate 3rd line defense as needed
6
Q
Immunodeficiencies are:
A
an abnormality in one or more branches of the immune system that renders a person more susceptible to disease normally prevented by the immune system
7
Q
WBC count less than 5000
A
leukopenia
8
Q
Two WBCs found in blood
A
Mast cells
Macrophages
9
Q
Chronically inflamed tissue that is essentially scar tissue
A
granuloma
10
Q
Qualitative defects of phagocytes
A
Chemotactic defect; impaired function
11
Q
B-cells attack acetylcholine receptors resulting in weak muscle responses
A
Myasthenia Gravis
12
Q
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) typically attacks ___, and most commonly ___
A
collagen; synovial membranes
13
Q
Functions of macrophages:
A
phagocytizing microbes
14
Q
Definition of hypersensitivity:
A
when immunocytes go too far and cause harm
15
Q
Immunocytes include:
A
T-cells and B-cells
16
Q
Process in which prostaglandins and leukotrienes are created through metabolic reactions
A
arachidonic process
17
Q
4 examples of abnormal inflammation
A
SIRS
Sepsis
Septic shock
Chronic inflammation
18
Q
HLAs are:
A
human leukocyte antigens (“self” antigens)
19
Q
HLAs are found:
A
on the membranes of most tissue cells except RBCs
20
Q
SLE (lupus) is confirmed by ___ in lab tests
A
positive ANA
21
Q
ANA (lupus) stands for:
A
antibody nucleic acid
22
Q
Leukocytosis:
A
Abnormal increase in WBCs
23
Q
Acute phase reactants:
A
CRP, circulating PGs, kinins, cytokines, complement cascade, clotting cascade
24
Q
In multiple sclerosis, ___ attack the myelin sheath of ___
A
T-cells; brain neurons
25
S/S of SIRS
```
changes in mental status
Fever > 100.4
Increased HR
Increased RR
Abnormal WBC count
```
26
Macrophages & neutrophils phagocytize:
dirt, debris, dying tissue, microbes
27
Ability to resist certain diseases due to immunocyte involvement
Acquired immunity
28
Exudate with WBBC and microbe involvement
purulent exudate
29
Disease in which the lubricating fluids of the body are dried up
Sjogren's Syndrome
30
A trigger causes autoantibodies to attack RBCs
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
31
Presence & multiplication of a living organism in or on a host
Infection
32
Invading organisms that cause infection
Pathogen
33
Virulence factors:
Toxins
Adhesion factors
Invasion factors
Evasion factors
34
Factors determining the degree/likelihood of infection
Virulence factors
Portal of entry
Immunocompetence
35
Protective measures used on all patients
Standard precautions
36
Protective measures used when potential for fluid transmission is possible via direct or indirect contact
Contact precautions
37
Protective measures used when potential for spread via droplets exists
Droplet precautions
38
Protective measures used when suspected or known infection is transmissible via airborne route
Airborne precautions
39
Typical stages of disease/illness progression
```
Incubation stage
Prodrome stage
Acute stage
Convalescent stage
Resolution
```
40
Abrupt onset of illness with little or no prodrome phase
Fulminating illness/fulminant
41
Factors determining "host" infection
Immunocompetence, virulence factors, portal of entry
42
Illness without or with less severe S/S
subacute/subclinical illness
43
Penicillin and it's derivative have a molecular structure called:
beta-lactam ring
44
Certain microbes have developed mutations that allow them to destroy antibiotics by:
dismantling the beta lactam ring
45
___ developed in hospitals in the 1960's in PTs who were on this particular abx for long periods of time
MRSA
46
The bacteria ___ developed resistance to methicillin
strep Aureus
47
___ destroys MRSA
Vancomycin
48
Most common microbial cause of otitis media
Strep. Pneumoniae
49
Normal gut flora that causes problems when it migrate to the urinary tract
enterococcus faecalis
50
Infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue by skin-dwelling microbes
cellulitis
51
Most common culprit of cellulitis
s. aureus
52
___ can sometimes follow a milder infection such as impetigo
cellulitis
53
Infection with clostridium botulinum
botulism
54
Toxins of c. botulinum effect __ by blocking ___
neuromuscular synapses; acetylcholine receptors
55
S/S: descending symmetric paralysis
botulism
56
Bacillus that lives in soil; can cause tetanus
clostridium tetanii
57
exotoxin released by soil dwelling microbe that blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters
tetanospasmin
58
jaw tightening
trismus
59
severe muscle cramps, twitching, or convulsions
tetany
60
Virus transmitted by saliva of infected host
rabies
61
S/S of rabies infection
anxiety, confusion, convulsions, increased salivation
62
Treatment for rabies should begin within:
14 days
63
Mosquito-vector carried illness caused by protozoa
malaria
64
S/S: high fever, chills, arthralgia, anemia, splenomegaly, cerebral ischemia, heart failure
Malaria
65
Malaria causing protozoa infects ___ causing ___
RBCs; hemolysis
66
Protozoa causing malaria reproduces in:
hepatocytes
67
Rare, deadly illness caused by infection of 1 of 5 virus strains
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
68
Possible routes of transmission for ebola virus
contact with blood or body fluids through skin breaks, sexual contact, or mucus membranes
69
TX for ebola hemorrhagic fever
no vaccine or medication currently
70
Spread primarily through bites from infected mosquitoes (person-mosquito-person)
Zika virus
71
Uncommon nervous system illness that affects a small # of Zika patients
Guillan-Barre syndrome
72
Zika infection during pregnancy can cause:
microcephaly & other fetal defects
73
Avoid these types of medications when treating Zika patients
NSAIDs & aspirin
74
Microbe which causes strep throat:
strep. pyrogenes
75
Certain strains of s. pyrogenes can cause ___
scarlet fever
76
S/S: red, sore throat; white patches on tonsils
Strep throat
77
Autoimmune diseases possible without early, thorough treatment of Strep throat with abx
rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease
78
Upper respiratory infection that causes pseudomembrane across tonsils & throat
diptheria
79
leading cause of vaccine-preventable death
Pertussis
80
Viral invasion of parotid glands that can cause infertility in males
Mumps
81
"Two week" measles
Rubeola
82
"3-day measles"
Rubella
83
Viral illness rarely seen in developed countries but endemic to certain underdeveloped countries
Rubeola
84
S/S: macropapular rash that spreads from the head down to the body, fever, cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis
Rubeola
85
Pregnancy complications of rubella
mental retardations, eye & hearing problems
86
Milder version of the Measles
rubella
87
S/S: fever, rash, swollen glands
rubella
88
"Pox" diseases are typically referred to as:
herpetic diseases
89
Characteristic trait of herpes virus infection:
herpes viruses never leave the body once they enter
90
Virus that causes vesicles which start at the trunk and spread outward in stages
varicella virus
91
Clusters of varicella vesicles develop in these stages:
appear
break
crust
92
Varicella is contagious until:
the last lesions crust over
93
Contagious inhaled virus that produces dense clusters of lesions that start in the face
Variola/small pox
94
Dormant varicella virus that sometimes reappears later in life due to age or immunocompromise
Herpes zoster "shingles"
95
Cell envelope proteins of Flu A
hemagglutinin, neuraminidase
96
Flu A cell proteins catalyze ___ and ___
viral invasion; release of viral progeny
97
By what mechanism does tetanospasmin operate?
Blocking inhibitory neurotransmitters causing uninterrupted nerve impulses
98
Infection of the dermis or subbcutaneous tissue
cellulitis
99
Acute viral illness of upper and lower respiratory system. S/S: high fever, chills, dry cough, myalgia, malaise, headaches
seasonal flu
100
Pathogen that can be resistant to vancomycin
enterococcus faecalis
101
Causative agent behind infectious diarrhea contracted during prolonged hospital stays
c. difficile
102
Protozoa transmitted by mosquitoes that reproduces and causes RBCs to rupture
Malaria
103
S/S of Malaria:
high fever, chills, arthralgia, anemia, splenomegaly, tissue & organ ischemia, heart failure
104
Number of new and existing cases within a specific time period
prevalence
105
What is variola?
Small pox virus
106
S/S of small pox (variola):
High fever, flu like symptoms, painful pustules in mouth & esophagus, hemorrhage from virulence factors
107
Feared bioterrorism agent
Small pox
108
Typical portals of entry for a pathogen
```
skin/mucous membranes
airborne
vector borne
oral/fecal route
blood-blood
blood-open skin
```
109
Frothy, fatty, foul smelling infectious diarrhea
giardiasis
110
Painful, bloody, severe infectious diarrhea
dysentery
111
Dense maculopapular rash that starts on the head
Measles
112
Presence and multiplication of a living organism in or on a host
infection
113
The number of new cases occurring in a specific time period
incidence
114
Severe headache; rash; muscle pain; fever > 100.4; D/V; unexplained ABD pain, bleeding, bruising, hemorrhage
S/S of ebola hemorrhagic fever
115
Pink, healthy, healing tissue created by clotting factors, platelets and fibrin
granulating tissue
116
Hypotension occurs in septic shock due to:
high levels of systemic inflammatory mediators triggering extreme vasodilation
117
WBCs found in tissues instead of blood
mast cells
118
Primary inflammatory mediators
histamine, circulating PGs, leukotrienes
119
Primary inflammatory mediators are released by __ due to __
degranulation of mast cells; local cells being injured or irritated
120
Binding of antibodies to the toxins of bacteria, rendering them unable to bind to host tissues
Neutralization
121
Coating of bacteria which promotes phagocytosis by optimizing "recognizability"
opsonization
122
Tissue specific autoimmune diseases:
```
MS
Graves disease
Goodpasture's syndrome
myasthenia gravis
Diabetes melitus 1
Celiac
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
```
123
Cell-mediated immunity is developed by:
T cells
124
S/S of local inflammatory response
Swelling
heat
erythematosis (redness)
pain
125
S/S of systemic inflammatory response
malaise, aches, pains, fever
126
Two main groups of prostaglandins:
protective & proinflammatory
127
S/S of a transfusion reaction:
fever, low BP, body aches, blocked vessels in kidneys or other areas leading to ischemia
128
Digeorge's syndrome is an example of:
congenital cell-mediated immunodeficiency
129
Target antigen in alloimmune hypersensitivity
someone else's cells/tissue
130
Examples of CAUSES of acquired T and B cell immunodeficiencies:
radiation/cytotoxic drugs used for treating cancer
| Immunosuppressant drugs used post-transplant
131
When antibodies crossover the placenta and attack the Rh+ baby due to the mother being Rh-
erythroblastosis fatalis
132
Causative agent/disease of most cases of hyperthyroidism
Grave's disease
133
Grave's disease functions by:
stimulating the thyroid gland to overproduce thyroid hormone
134
Cell-mediated acquired immunity is carried out by memory cells created by:
T cells
135
Humoral acquired immunity is carried out by memory cells created by:
B cells
136
Active acquired immunity works by:
macrophages presenting partially digested antigens to CD4 cells for destruction
137
Steroids work in the:
cell membrane of most cells
138
Steroids work by blocking the production of:
proinflammatory & protective prostaglandins, and leukotrienes
139
Toxic shock is an example of:
Septic shock
140
Septic shock usually begins when:
Bacteria invade the blood
141
After-effect of chemotherapy
Leukopenia
142
Steroids and NSAIDs suppress:
Protective and proinflammatory effects of prostaglandins
143
Side effects of prostaglandin suppression:
```
Stomach ulcers
Easy bleeding
Diminished Kidney function
Diminished infection fighting ability
Skin fragility
HTN
```
144
ELISA stands for
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
145
Diagnosis of AIDS is confirmed by
CD4 count <200 and presence of opportunistic infection
146
Inanimate vector
Fomite
147
“Floppy baby syndrome” is caused by:
C. Botulinum
148
AKA herpes zoster
Shingles
149
Common causes of bacterial enteritis
E. Coli
| Salmonella
150
Can be thought of as exaggerated “overdrive” responses to specific antigens
Hypersensitivity
151
Thought to be caused by antibodies or T-cells failing to “stand down” after fighting off an infectoin
Autoimmune hypersensitivity
152
These travel all throughout the body and get deposited in vessel lining of certain tissues causing vasculitis/inflammation
Immune complexes
153
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
154
Specific diagnostic test for Lupus
ANA
155
ANA stands for
Antibody nuclei acid
156
ANA is a:
Immune complex made up of antibody and nucleic acid
157
One of the “great imitators” that often gets mistaken for other diseases
Lupus
158
The immune complex in RA consists of:
Autoantibody and collagen
159
In RA, inflammation Occurs anywhere there is:
Collagen
160
Specific test for RA
Rheumatoid factor (presence of autoantibody and collagen)
161
Major distinctions between OA and RA
OA occurs mostly in joints and in old age, with pain getting worse throughout the day
RA occurs anywhere there is collagen (tho typically in synovial membranes) and can occur at any age, with pain the worse in the AM and lessening throughout the day
162
Often known as compatibility issues
Alloimmune hypersensitivity
163
Types of alloimmune hypersensitivity
Histocompatibility
ABO
Rh
164
Histocompatibility issues typically involve
Reaction to someone else’s HLAs
165
3 subcategories of immunodeficiency
Humoral
Cell-mediated
Combined
166
When testing for AIDS, __ tests for antibodies to __; if positive, the __ is done for confirmation
ELISA, HIV antigen; western blot
167
Without enough __ a person is much more susceptible to opportunistic infections
CD4 cells
168
Examples of opportunistic infections that, if present, can help confirm an AIDS diagnosis
CMV, retinitis, thrush, pneumocystic pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma
169
Yearly change in influenza virus is due to:
mutations of viral cell membrane proteins
170
self-limiting bouts of V/D
viral infectious diarrhea ("stomach flu")
171
watery diarrhea, often caused by E. Coli & Salmonella
bacterial infectious diarrhea
172
Most common cause of bacillary dysentery
shigella
173
Usually due to protozoa in drinking water
amoebic dysentery
174
Intestinal invasion w/out invasion of the lining resulting in frothy, foul smelling, fatty diarrhea
Giardiasis
175
Diarrhea due to abx wiping out normal gut flora
pseudomembranous colitis
176
Severe, bloody, mucoid diarrhea, usually painful, due to microbial invasion of intestinal lining
Dysentery
177
Overcrowding of bone marrow due to over-proliferation of WBCs
leukemia
178
2 types of leukemia
Myelogenous & lymphocytic
179
4 types of leukemia
Acute myelogenous
Acute lymphocytic
Chronic myelogenous
Chronic lymphocytic
180
Lymph node enlargement due to local/system infections or malignancies
lymphadenopathy
181
Cancer in which certain lymphocytes wildly proliferate, often clumping into tumors
lymphoma
182
Type of lymphoma that usually begins as large, painless masses in lymph nodes of the neck
hodgkin's lymphoma
183
Oversecretion of immunoglobulins by malignant plasma cells
multiple myeloma
184
Sequela of Multiple myeloma
increased osteoclastic activity > pathological fractures & hypercalcemia > lethargy, kidney stones
185
CBC findings particular to microcytic anemia
low MCV & high Hgb
186
CBC findings particular to normocytic anemia
low RBC & normal MCV
187
CBC findings particular to macrocytic anemia
MCV > 95, glossitis, neuropathies (parasthesias)
188
Macrocytic anemia neuropathies are usually due to
B12 deficiency from decreased apetite due to glossitis & fatigue
189
Enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
190
pathological Increase in splenic activity
hypersplenism
191
Splenomegaly caused by malignancies is caused by
large # of WBCs filtering thru the spleen, causing swelling
192
Physiologic splenomegaly is caused by
idiopathic etiologies, "individualistic quirk"
193
Hematological splenomegaly is caused by
increased hemolysis of RBCs creating more "debris" for the spleen to process
194
Disease process caused by erythrocytosis
polycythemia
195
Genetic condition of abnormal proliferation of RBCs
polycythemia vera
196
condition of "too few platelets"
thrombocytopenia
197
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)
198
Low levels of certain coagulation factors
hemophilia
199
Low levels of a substance released by tissue that binds platelets
von Willebrand dz
200
Too much clotting
thrombocytosis
201
Virus that travels from PNS to CNS & causes confusion, agitation, dysphagia
Rabies
202
protozoa that causes high fever, anemia, & splenomegaly
malaria
203
Strep throat with fever & rash
scarlet fever
204
Viral invasion of parotid glands
Mumps
205
AKA "Allergic hypersensitivity"
IgE mediated hypersensitivity
206
S/S include pulmonary hemorrhaging & glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture's syndrome
207
In __ an autoantibody attacks connective tissues in pulmonary & glomerular basement membranes
Goodpasture's syndrome
208
Muscle weakness & reduced sensitivity to neruomuscular impulses caused by autoantibody attacking acetylcholine receptors
Myasthenia gravis
209
Slow over-proliferation of bone marrow stem cells and higher than normal # of RBCs
Polycythemia vera
210
Polycythemia vera is treated by:
donating blood
211
In ___, the predominant cell that becomes cancerous is B-lymphocytes
multiple myeloma
212
Pathology of multiple myeloma
B-cells create overabundance of cancerous immunoglobulins that infiltrate bones and certain organs, creating multiple malignant tumors
213
Cancer in which certain lymphocytes wildly proliferate and begin to clump together in lymph nodes
Lymphoma
