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Physiology YR1 > Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism > Flashcards

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What steroid hormones does the adrenal cortex release

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex Hormones

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2
Q

What is the primary glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol

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3
Q

What is cortisol effect in protecting against hypoglycaemia

A

when blood sugar decreases , glucagon, which promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown is secreted from pancreas
Cortisol is required for full glucagon and catecholamine activity

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4
Q

Metabolic effects of cortisol

A

Promotes gluconeogenesis
Enhances lipolysis
Suppresses the immune system
causes negative calcium balance

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5
Q

How are thyroid hormones released from the thyroid

A

TRH from hypothalamus stimulates adenohypophysis to secrete TSH
TSH acts on thyroid gland to promote hormone synthesis

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6
Q

How does goiter occur

A

Elevated TSH levels lead to enlargement of the thyroid gland

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7
Q

What is hyperthyroidism and what are it’s effects

A

Excess hormone secretion
Increases oxygen consumption and metabolic heat production
Increases heart rate and force of contraction

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8
Q

What is hypothyroidism

What are it’s effect

A

Reduced hormone secretion
Decreases metabolic rate and oxygen consumption
Decreases heart rate

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9
Q

What word is used to describe growth hormones

A

Anabolic

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10
Q

What factors does normal growth prior to adulthood rely on

A

Growth hormones
Adequate diet
Absence of stress
Genetics

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11
Q

What stimulates GH release from hypothalamus

A

GHRH or somatocrinin

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12
Q

What does GH stimulate

A

Secretion of insulin like growth factors from liver and other tissues
Both GH and IGF promote protein synthesis and act on bones to increase their growth

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13
Q

Describe the growth hormone feedback loop

A

GHRH stimulates GH release from adenohypophysis
GH stimulates release of GHIH from hypothalamus and IGF form liver and other tissue
GH and IGF causes blood glucose increase and bone and tissue growth
IGF causes cartilage growth
GHIH and IGF inhibit GH release
GH and IGF inhibit GHRH release

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14
Q

What causes acromegaly

A

Oversecretion of GH and IGFs

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15
Q

What does soft tissue require for growth

A

GH, thyroid hormone and insulin

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16
Q

What is required for tissue protein synthesis and cell division

A

GH and IGFs

17
Q

Where does bone growth occur in children

A

Epiphyseal plates

18
Q

What are the steps in bone growth in children

A

Chondrocytes lay down new cartilage which lengthens the bone
older chondrocytes die, space left is invaded by osteoblasts which secrete calcium leading to new bone
Plates become inactive during adolescence

19
Q

What are the 3 compartments that calcium is distributed in

A

Extracellular fluid
Intracellular Ca2+
Extracellular matrix

20
Q

where and how does Ca2+ loss occur

A

Occurs at the kidneys
Filtered at glomerulus and reabsorbed through the proximal tubule and ascending loop of Henle
Hormonally regulated reabsorption takes place in distal nephron

21
Q

What 3 hormones control ca2+ movement between bone, kidney and intestine

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol
Calcitonin

22
Q

What is the main function of PTH and how is this achieved

A

Increase plasma Ca2+ concentration
Mobilizes calcium from bone
Enhances renal absorption of calcium
Increases intestinal absorption of calcium through its influence on vitamin D3

23
Q

What is the function of calcitriol

A

Facilitates renal absorption of calcium and helps mobilise calcium out of the bone
Enhances intestinal absorption of calcium

24
Q

What is does calcitonin do and when is it released

A

Decreases bone reabsorption and increase renal excretion of calcium
Released when plasma Ca2+ increases

25
Q

Factors involved in bone remodelling

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Hormones
Cytokines

26
Q

How is osteoblast and osteoclast activity regulated by PTH

A

PTH activates osteoblasts and they secrete factors that regulate osteoclast activity
RANKL is the primary signalling molecule from osteoblasts
Binds to RANK on osteoclasts and increase acid secretion
Activated RANK receptors increase acid secretion by mature osteoclasts and promote formation of new osteoclasts from precursors

Physiology YR1 (23 decks)

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