Endocrine Complaints I

Question 1

what are the three mechanisms of pathology in endocrinology?

Answer 1

hormone excess, hormone deficiency, and hormone resistance

Question 2

what percentage of american adults are found to have a BMI greater than or equal to 25?

Answer 2

70%

Question 3

what is another name for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 3

insulin resistance syndrome

Question 4

what are some main risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome?

Answer 4

obesity, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, aging

Question 5

how do you diagnose metabolic syndrome?

Answer 5

if a patient has any three of the following: central obesity, abnormal lipids, BP is > 130/85, or fasting glucose is >100 mg/dL

Question 6

what is the main management tool for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 6

lifestyle changes

Question 7

what diets can be recommended for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 7

mediterranean or DASH diet

Question 8

what can be said about the time frame of DM II?

Answer 8

there is a long asymptomatic period, so screening is important and should be done with the presence of risk factors

Question 9

what are the main clinical presentations of someone with type 2 diabetes?

Answer 9

polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, rapid weight loss

Question 10

what is the HbA1c level used to diagnose DM II?

Answer 10

if it is greater than 6.5%

Question 11

what is the fasting glucose level used to diagnose DM II?

Answer 11

126

Question 12

what is the 2-hour glucose level used to diagnose DM II?

Answer 12

> 200 on oral glucose tolerance test

Question 13

what is the special testing for a diabetic foot exam?

Answer 13

you will evaluate for protective sensation with 10-g monofilament and vibratory sensation with 128-Hz tuning fork

Question 14

what is the management for hormone resistance?

Answer 14

to overcome the resistance, to resensitize the target organs; to decrease the high hormone levels

Question 15

what is the role of metformin?

Answer 15

it decreases the hepatic glucose production, improves the peripheral glucose uptake slightly

Question 16

what are the risk factors associated with type I DM?

Answer 16

genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells

Question 17

what are the main clinical presentations of a patient with type I DM?

Answer 17

polydipsia, polyuria, blurred vision, fatigue/weakness, weight loss with hyperglycemia and ketonemia or ketonuria, DKA

Question 18

which type of diabetes has pancreatic antibodies?

Answer 18

type I

Question 19

what other autoimmune diseases are associated with type I Dm?

Answer 19

autoimmune thyroiditis, celiac disease, or addison’s disease

Question 20

what is severe hyperglycemia classified by?

Answer 20

glucose levels higher than 250 mg/ dL

Question 21

what are 2 disorders that can happen in patients with high blood sugar?

Answer 21

DKA or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)

Question 22

what classifies DKA?

Answer 22

ketone body formation

Question 23

what results from hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)?

Answer 23

severe dehydration

Question 24

how should DKA or HHS patients be managed?

Answer 24

not as outpatients

Question 25

what should be considered in any patient with confusion, altered mental status, or seizure?

Answer 25

hypoglycemia

Question 26

when acetylcholine increases in sympathetic neurons, what does this lead to?

Answer 26

Cholinergic symptoms of sweating, hunger, and paresthesias

Question 27

when the adrenal response is stimulated, what does this lead to?

Answer 27

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol all increase, which leads to the adrenergic symptoms of palpitations, tremor, and anxiety

Question 28

what sign is associated with dehydration?

Answer 28

poor skin turgor