Endocrine and Metabolic Flashcards
Which cells secrete glucagon?
alpha cells in panceas
Which cells secrete insuline?
beta cells in pancreas
Which cells secrete somatostatin?
delta cells in pancreas
What do F cells secret?
pancreatic polypeptide
What are six types of chemical messengers in the endocrine system?
Neurotransmitters
endocrine hormones
neuroendocrine hormones
paracrine substances
autocrine substances
cytokines
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are released by axon terminals of neurons and act locally to control nerve function.
What is the function of neuroendocrine hormones and what is their site of action?
Endocrine hormones are secreted by neurons into the circulation and influence function of target cells at a distant location.
What is the function of paracrine substances?
Paracrine substances are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighbor target cells of different types.
What is the function of autocrine substances?
Autocrine substances ae secreted by cells in extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produced them.
What are the functions of cytokines?
Cytokines are secreted by cells into extracellular fluid; generally affect immune system but can function as autocrine, paracrine and endocrine hormones.
What are the three classes of hormones?
Protein and polypeptides
steroids
tyrosine amino acid derivatives
characteristics of proteins and polypeptides as hormones
generally stored in secretory vessels until they are needed.
characteristics of steroids as hormones
synthesized from cholesterol and not stored
characteristics of tyrosine amino acid derivatives as hormones
stored in vesicles until needed for secretion
What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
What is the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and peripheral target organs?
The hypothalamus is the coordinating center of much of the endocrine system. It takes signals and delivers them to the pituitary gland, which releases hormones that influence most endocrine systems in the body.
What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?
antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Primary insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: results from destruction of insulin producing pancreatic beta cells.
What is type 2 diabetes mellitus in animals?
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus results from a combination of insulin resistance, dysfunctioning beta cells (producing less insulin), and increased hepatic gluconeogenesis.
What are causes and characterizations of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus?
causes: congenital, immune mediated, idiopathic
characterizations: sudden onset of signs, usually requires insulin from the onset and forlife.
What are causes and characterizations of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus?
causes: insulin secretions may be high, low or normal, but is unable to overcome cells’ insulin resistance.
Other causes may include development secondary to obesity, islet amyloidosis and abnormal insulin response.
characterizations: does not usually progress to ketoacidotic states, and can be treated by therapies other than insulin.
Characteristics of regular insulin
Can you give it IV?
AKA crystalline zinc is short acting with peak effects and 2-4 hours and duration of 6 hours. Because of it’s effects, it can be given IV and administered as a CRI.
Statistics of insulin dependent vs insulin independent diabetes mellitus in small animal population.
50-70% cats with diabetes mellitus have insulin dependent form; 30-50% have non-insulin dependent form and can progress to dependent form if not treated quickly because of adverse effects of glucose toxicity, resulting in pancreatic islet exhaustion, apoptosis and fibrosis.
BG levels:
normal (ideal)
diabetic normal (ideal)
BG should be > or equal to 80mg/dL
ideal between 100-300mg/dl
diabetic ideal should be between 100-250mg/dL
What needs to be considered when evaluating therapy for managing diabetes?
- Did the insulin effectively lower the blood glucose concentration?
- When is the peak effect?
- how long did it take?
- Did the glucose level drop too low?
- What is the difference between the starting glucose and the lowest measurement?
- Was there rebound hyperglycemia?
Why can’t long acting insulin be given IV?
Long-acting insulin is made from recombinant human insulin and forms micro precipitates at the injection site that lasts 24 hours.
What are some constraints of conducting a BG curve in hospital?
Added stress can cause BG o go up.
Patient may become inappetent in hospital
What is an indication of low fructosamine level?
Probable period of hypoglycemia, even if clinical signs are not present (<400micromol/L)
