Endocrine and Metabolic

Question 1

Which cells secrete glucagon?

Answer 1

alpha cells in panceas

Question 2

Which cells secrete insuline?

Answer 2

beta cells in pancreas

Question 3

Which cells secrete somatostatin?

Answer 3

delta cells in pancreas

Question 4

What do F cells secret?

Answer 4

pancreatic polypeptide

Question 5

What are six types of chemical messengers in the endocrine system?

Answer 5

Neurotransmitters
endocrine hormones
neuroendocrine hormones
paracrine substances
autocrine substances
cytokines

Question 6

What is the function of neurotransmitters?

Answer 6

Neurotransmitters are released by axon terminals of neurons and act locally to control nerve function.

Question 7

What is the function of neuroendocrine hormones and what is their site of action?

Answer 7

Endocrine hormones are secreted by neurons into the circulation and influence function of target cells at a distant location.

Question 8

What is the function of paracrine substances?

Answer 8

Paracrine substances are secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid and affect neighbor target cells of different types.

Question 9

What is the function of autocrine substances?

Answer 9

Autocrine substances ae secreted by cells in extracellular fluid and affect the function of the same cells that produced them.

Question 10

What are the functions of cytokines?

Answer 10

Cytokines are secreted by cells into extracellular fluid; generally affect immune system but can function as autocrine, paracrine and endocrine hormones.

Question 11

What are the three classes of hormones?

Answer 11

Protein and polypeptides
steroids
tyrosine amino acid derivatives

Question 12

characteristics of proteins and polypeptides as hormones

Answer 12

generally stored in secretory vessels until they are needed.

Question 13

characteristics of steroids as hormones

Answer 13

synthesized from cholesterol and not stored

Question 14

characteristics of tyrosine amino acid derivatives as hormones

Answer 14

stored in vesicles until needed for secretion

Question 15

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 15

thyroid-stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin
luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 16

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and peripheral target organs?

Answer 16

The hypothalamus is the coordinating center of much of the endocrine system. It takes signals and delivers them to the pituitary gland, which releases hormones that influence most endocrine systems in the body.

Question 17

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 17

antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

Question 18

What is type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 18

Primary insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: results from destruction of insulin producing pancreatic beta cells.

Question 19

What is type 2 diabetes mellitus in animals?

Answer 19

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus results from a combination of insulin resistance, dysfunctioning beta cells (producing less insulin), and increased hepatic gluconeogenesis.

Question 20

What are causes and characterizations of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus?

Answer 20

causes: congenital, immune mediated, idiopathic
characterizations: sudden onset of signs, usually requires insulin from the onset and forlife.

Question 21

What are causes and characterizations of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus?

Answer 21

causes: insulin secretions may be high, low or normal, but is unable to overcome cells’ insulin resistance.
Other causes may include development secondary to obesity, islet amyloidosis and abnormal insulin response.
characterizations: does not usually progress to ketoacidotic states, and can be treated by therapies other than insulin.

Question 22

Characteristics of regular insulin
Can you give it IV?

Answer 22

AKA crystalline zinc is short acting with peak effects and 2-4 hours and duration of 6 hours. Because of it’s effects, it can be given IV and administered as a CRI.

Question 23

Statistics of insulin dependent vs insulin independent diabetes mellitus in small animal population.

Answer 23

50-70% cats with diabetes mellitus have insulin dependent form; 30-50% have non-insulin dependent form and can progress to dependent form if not treated quickly because of adverse effects of glucose toxicity, resulting in pancreatic islet exhaustion, apoptosis and fibrosis.

Question 24

BG levels:
normal (ideal)
diabetic normal (ideal)

Answer 24

BG should be > or equal to 80mg/dL
ideal between 100-300mg/dl
diabetic ideal should be between 100-250mg/dL

Question 25

What needs to be considered when evaluating therapy for managing diabetes?

Answer 25

1. Did the insulin effectively lower the blood glucose concentration?
2. When is the peak effect?
3. how long did it take?
4. Did the glucose level drop too low?
5. What is the difference between the starting glucose and the lowest measurement?
6. Was there rebound hyperglycemia?

Question 26

Why can’t long acting insulin be given IV?

Answer 26

Long-acting insulin is made from recombinant human insulin and forms micro precipitates at the injection site that lasts 24 hours.

Question 27

What are some constraints of conducting a BG curve in hospital?

Answer 27

Added stress can cause BG o go up.
Patient may become inappetent in hospital

Question 28

What is an indication of low fructosamine level?

Answer 28

Probable period of hypoglycemia, even if clinical signs are not present (<400micromol/L)