Endocrine A&P Flashcards
What is the endocrine system?
A complex messaging and control system
How are hormones classified/ described?
By action, source, or chemical structure
How does the endocrine system regulate hormone release?
Negative and positive feedback system
What do the liver and kidney systems do with hormones?
Liver metabolizes hormones
Kidneys secrete hormones
What are steroids composed of?
androgens or thyroid hormones
What are proteins or polypeptides composed of?
Insulin or growth hormone
What are amines and amino acids composed of?
Epinephrine
What are fatty acid derivatives composed of?
Prostaglandins
What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?
ADH
Oxytocin
What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- Adrenocorticotropin
- Prolactin
- Growth hormone
- Gonadotropins (FSH LH)
What does the hypothalamus regulate?
Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland
What controls the posterior pituitary gland?
The brain
Which function of the pancreas controls secretion into the ducts?
Exocrine
Which function of the pancreas secretes into the blood?
Endocrine
How many islets of langerhans have 5 types of cells?
Each one
What do alpha cells do?
Secrete glucagon when serum glucose levels fall
What do beta cells do?
Secrete insulin when serum glucose levels increase amylin to enhance insulin
What do delta cells do?
Secrete somatostatin which regulates insulin and glucagon
What do PP cells do?
Secrete a pancreatic polypeptide which helps with other pancreatic activities
What do epsilon cells do?
Secrete gherkin which stimulates hunger
How is the thyroid gland composed?
Two lobes on either side of the trachea, connected by a thin band of tissue - vascular gland: contains follicles that produce hormones
Which hormones does the thyroid produce?
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin)
What percentage of the thyroid hormones do T3 and T4 make up?
95%
What do T3 and T4 do?
Regulate cellular metabolism and growth/ development
What is required to synthesize thyroid hormones
Iodine
What stimulates production of T3 and T4?
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
What are the parathyroid glands?
On the posterior surface of the thyroid
What do the parathyroid glands do?
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) when serum calcium levels drop
What does PTH do?
Increase serum calcium levels
Where are the adrenal glands?
On each kidney
Which part of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Inner portion: Medulla
Which part of the adrenal glands produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) glucocorticoids (cortisol) and gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)
Outer portion: cortex
