Endocrine

Question 1

Adrenals

Answer 1

Middle- Medulla - catecholamines, stimulates by splanchnic nerves releasing ach

Reticularis- sex hormones - ach from pituitary
Fasciculata- cortisol - stress, causes opposites effects insulin, reduces immune system
Glomerulosa- aldosterone thay acts on DCT, stimulates by high potassium or angiotensin

Question 2

Adrenal embryology

Answer 2

Cortex mesoderm

Medulla ectoderm

Question 3

Pellagra

Answer 3

B3

Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhoea

Question 4

Carcinoid tumour

Answer 4

Serotonin secreting, often Bowels
Urinary 5HHA

Surgery for appendix
>2cm
Base 
Mesoaplendix 
Periappendical fat

Question 5

Ebv cancers

Answer 5

Nasopharyngeal
Burkitts lymphomas
Hodgkins lymphomas

Question 6

Kapsosis sarcoma

A

Answer 6

HSV 8

Question 7

Has humorous and cancer

Answer 7

Lymphoma

Question 8

Thyroid cancer

Answer 8

Medullary and papillary - spread lymp
Follicular - blood spread, orphan Annie

Papillary - previous radiation spreads both sides

Medullary needs bilateral neck dissection others central

Lymphoma -= hashimotos and non hodgkins chemradio

Lugols treats thyortoxicosis from surgery

Question 9

Low for pride

Answer 9

Overdose of insulin

High of insulinoma

Question 10

Feltys syndrome

Answer 10

Neutropenia, ra, splenomegaly

Question 11

High dose dex suppression test

Answer 11

Pit tumours

Question 12

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 12

21- testosterone
17 - aldosterone
11- both

Question 13

Adrenal crisis

Answer 13

Hypotension no response vasopressors

Question 14

Adrenal cancer

Answer 14

10% extra - aorta organ of zuckercan
10 bilateral
10 kids1
10 MEN

Alpha blocker - phenoxtbenzaine

Question 15

Nevrolytic migrans

Answer 15

Glucogonma

Depression
Diabetes

Question 16

C- cells

Answer 16

Neural crest

4th pouch

Question 17

Inferior thyroid artery

Answer 17

Supply’s whole of parathyroid

Question 18

Thyroid cancer

Answer 18

Microcalcifications
Hypoechoic
Lymphatic infiltration
Irregular margins

Question 19

Papillary cancer

Answer 19

Radiation causes
LN spread
Central dissection if LN then level 6

Question 20

Follicular

Answer 20

Blood spread

If LN then modified radical neck dissection

Question 21

Medullary

Answer 21

Raised CEA
Parafollicular cella’s

Ret- men

If no nodes then central dissection
If nodes then added lateral dissection

Question 22

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 22

Osteoclasts
Kidneys

Vit d = bowels

Calcitonin = osteoclasts

Question 23

Most common location of ectopic thyroid

Answer 23

Thymus

Carotid sheath
Retro oesophagus

Question 24

High plasm ca

Low urinary ca

Answer 24

Familial hypercalceamia

No intervention