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Mrcs > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Manubrium

A

Superior - left brachiocephalic vein and artery, left subclavian after LCCA

Inferior
Aortic arch
Azygos meets SVC
Thoracic duct crosses to left

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2
Q

Diaphragm openings

A

T8
IVC & phrenic nerve

T10
Oesophagus, left gastric artery, vagus

T12
AAA, azygos vein, thoracic duct

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3
Q

Ribs

A

Inferior

VEIN, ARTERY, NERVE

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4
Q

Indications for cardiopulmonary bypass

A
  • left main stem stenosis
    Triple vessels
    Diffuse disease unstable for PCI
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5
Q

Calculate CO

A

Co = SV x hr

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6
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Stroke volume /left vent end diastolic volume

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7
Q

Cerebral perfusion pressure

A

MAP -ICP

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8
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha1 - vasoconstriction, urethral constriction, ejaculation, inhibit insulin excretion, glycolysis

Alpha 2 - vasoconstriction

Beta 1 - increase CO, increase HR, increase contract ability, renin, lipolysis, relax bladder

Beta 2 - smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, gylcogenolysis

Adrenaline - all receptions
Noradrenaline - alpha 1
Dopamine - alpha 1 and beta 1
Dubotamine - beta 1&2

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9
Q

Venous pressures

A

A - atrial contractions
Cannon- heart block, not present af

C- closure tricuspid

V- atrial filling . Regurgitation

X- ventricular systole

Y- tricuspid opening

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10
Q

Severity of breast ca - Nottingham index

A

Tumour size x 0.2 + LN stage + grader

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11
Q

Invasive lobular carcinoma of breast

A

Contralateral spread, MRI

Bulls eye/Indian file

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12
Q

Reduced lung compliance

A

Pul oedema
Pul fibrosis
Kyphosis
Pneumectomy i

Increased by emphysema

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13
Q

Most anterior out of phrenic and vagus

A

Phrenic

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14
Q

Chemoreceptors
Barareceptors
Stretch receptors

A

chemo- medulla and carotid bodies
Bara aorta
Stretch - herring-breuer reflex vagus in lungs

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15
Q

Tidal volume
Vital capacity
Total lung capacity

A

Tv- normal in and out
VT- large in and out
TLC- combination of everything + reserves

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16
Q

Dead space

A

Anatomical - anything increasing size

Physiological - hypoventilation, hypovalemia, pe, ppv

17
Q

ARDS

A

Pulmonary artery wedge pressure < 18

18
Q

Dissociation curves

A

Right increases except PH

Left decrease except PH, and myoglobin and hbF

19
Q

Mechanical ventilation indications

A 
Apnoea 
RR > 35
Co2 > 8
O2 < 8 with 60% o2
Head, chest, face, night spinal injury
20
Q

Fev1/fvc ratio

A

< 70% = obstructive disease
Normal in restrictive disease

Fev 1 air expelled in first second
Fvc full inspiration to max expiration expressed as a percentage

21
Q

H. Pylori

A

Lymphoma

22
Q

Carcinoid syndrome

A

Serotonin

23
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

Hyperplasia

24
Q

Duct ectasia

A

Dilatatip s of ducts + periductal mastitis + mass

25
Q

Breast cancer mets

A

Lytic

26
Q

Diphtheria

A

Grey coating on throat

27
Q

TURP syndrome

A

Low sodium

Always look for vernunanatum

Mrcs (11 decks)

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