Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of hypocalcemia?

A

hypothyroidism

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2
Q

What are signs of hypocalcemia?

A

seizures, anxiety, edema, weakness, numbness, hypotension,

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3
Q

What is Chvostek Sign?

A

tap on facial nerve to elicit spasms, and can be a sign of hypoparathyroidism/hypocalcemia

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4
Q

What is Trousseau’s Sign?

A

have BP cuff squeeze brachial artery, and hold for a few minutes to see if the hand spasms
-test for hypoparathyroidism/hypocalcemia

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5
Q

What causes hypercalcemia? symptoms?

A
  1. hyperparathyroidism
  2. adenomas (benign or malignant)
  3. Renal failure, Vit D deficiency

-lethargy, weakness, polyuria, constipation, syncope from arrhythmias

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6
Q

What is the mnemonic for hypercalcemia?

A

Stones, bones, groans, thrones, psychiatric overtones

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7
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Hashimoto’s
  2. Medications
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Treatment for hyperthyroidism
  5. Thyroidectomy
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8
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

constipation, depression, fatigue, pale/dry skin, sensitivity to cold, elevated cholesterol levels, dry/brittle nails and hair, and weight gain

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9
Q

What are causes of hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Grave’s disease
  2. toxic nadular or multinodular goiter
  3. Thyroiditis
  4. Excessive consumption of iodine or meds
  5. Pregnancy or first year after brith
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10
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

hand tremors, mood swings, anxiety, rapid HR, skin dryness, trouble sleeping, weight loss

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11
Q

What are primary causes of Addison’s? secondary?

A
  1. AI > TB > chronic infections, surgical removal, cancer
  2. Sudden stop of exogenous glucocorticoids, surgical removal of ACTH producing tumor, pituitary gland suddenly stops producing ACTH
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12
Q

What are symptoms of Addison’s (adrenal insufficiency)?

A

skin darkening, skin folds, pressure points, N/V/D, salty food craving, weight loss, loss of appetite, irritability, hypoglycemia

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13
Q

What is the class Grave’s sign?

A

exophthalmos “proptosis”

bulging of the eyes

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14
Q

What are symptoms of Cushing syndrome?

A

fatigue, headaches, backaches, swelling, acne, hair loss

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15
Q

What are some classic signs of cushing syndrome?

A
  • round/red face
  • purplish streaks across skin (striae)
  • unusual buildup of fatty tissue b/t the shoulder blades
  • unusual buildup of fatty tissue in abdomen with thin extremities
  • easy bruising
  • excess facial/body hair growth
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16
Q

Why is Addisonian crisis/acute adrenal insufficiency important to recognize?

A

it can be fatal

17
Q

Does Cushing Syndrome affect men or women more?

A

women

18
Q

What are causes of Cushing Syndrome?

A
  1. Endogenous: Pituitary tumor > adrenal tumor = other causes
  2. Exogenous: medications
19
Q

What is the most common pituitary adenoma?

A

hyperproloactinemia

symptoms: galactorrhea, menstrual abnormalities, hypogonadism, possibly vision problems if it gets large