Endocrine Flashcards
What drug type is Short-Acting Insulin
Insulin
What is the mechanism of actio of Short-Acting Insulin
Pre-meal injection or during medical emergencies.
What is Short-Acting Insulin used to treat?
Diabetes Type I
What drug type is Long-Acting Insulin
Insulin
What is the mechanism of action of Long-Acting Insulin
Taken once or twice a day to provide background insulin levels
lasting approx 24 hours. They don’t need to be taken with food
since they have no peak action.
What is Long-Acting Insulin used to treat?
Diabetes Type I
What drug type is metformin
Biguanides
What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
• Reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis by blocking the actions
of PEPCK and G6Pase which are 2 enzymes required for
the reversal of the glycolysis pathway.
• Biguanides increase insulin sensitivity, by increasing glucose
uptake, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and increasing glycolysis.
What is metformin used to treat?
Diabetes Type II
What are the side effects of metformin
25% of patients present with GI side effects
What class of drug is Glibenclamide, Gliclazide
Sulphonylureas
What is the mechanism of action of Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide
Inhibits ATP sensitive K+ channels in beta cells of the
pancreas. Closed channels cause Ca2+ influx and thus insulin release.
what is Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide used to treat?
Diabetes Type II
What class of drug is Pioglitazone
Thiazolidinediones
What is the mechanism f action of Pioglitazone
Stops inappropriate deposition of lipid in non-adipose tissues
(which normally leads to insulin resistance), therefore
improving insulin sensitivity.
What is Pioglitazone used to treat?
Diabetes Type II
What type of drugs are Exanatide, Sitagliptin
Incretin-Based
Therapies
What is the mechanism of action of Exanatide, Sitagliptin
Exanatide mimics the action of GLP-1
Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 (which normally breaks down GIP and
GLP1)
What are Exanatide, Sitagliptin used to treat?
Diabetes Type II
What type of drug is Dapagliflozin
SGLT2 Inhibitors
What is the mechanism of action of Dapagliflozin
Blocks SGLT2 in the PCT of the nephron, just excreting
glucose in the urine and reducing hyperglycaemia
What is Dapagliflozin used to treat
Diabetes Type II
What are the side effects of Dapagliflozin
Higher risk of UTIs due to
glycosuria and volume depletion
What are the drugs used to treat T2DM?
Metformin Glibenclamide, Gliclazide Pioglitazone Exanatide Sitagliptin Dapagliflozin
What type of drug is Carbimazole
Thionamides (Anti-
thyroid drugs)
What is the mechanism of action of Carbimazole
• Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the action of
thyroid peroxidase. They inhibit the iodination of tyrosine.
• Carbimazole is a prodrug which is converted to thiamazole
(via first pass). Carbimazole also has immunosuppressive
properties during in treating Graves’ Disease
What is Carbimazole used to treat?
Graves’ Disease
Hyperthyroidism
What are the side effects of Carbimazole
Skin aplasia, rash, nausea
What type of drug is Propylthiouracil
PTU
Thionamides (Anti-
thyroid drugs)
What is the mechanism of action of Propylthiouracil
PTU
• Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the action of
thyroid peroxidase. They inhibit the iodination of tyrosine.
• PTU is less active and requires twice the dosing. PTU also
reduces the peripheral conversion of T4 → T3
What is Propylthiouracil
(PTU) used to treat?
Graves’ Disease
Hyperthyroidism
What are the side effects of Propylthiouracil
PTU
T4 has a long half-life (7days) therefore it can up to 10-20 days for any clinical benefit.
What type of drug is Levothyroxine
Synthetic Thyroxine
What is the mechanism of action of Levothyroxine
Synthetic thyroxine replacement given for life.
What is Levothyroxine used to treat?
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
What are the side effects of Levothyroxine
Cardiac complications
What drugs are given for Graves’ disease?
- carbimazole
- Propylthiouracil
(PTU)
What type of drug is Fludrocortisone
Mineralocorticoid
Replacement
Therapy
What is the mechanism of action of Fludrocortisone
Synthetic aldosterone replacement
What is Fludrocortisone used to treat?
Addison’s Disease
Hypoadrenalism
What are the side effects of Fludrocortisone
Long-term steroid use can lead to Cushing’s disease.
Steroids cannot be stopped
immediately
What type of drug is Hydrocortisone
Glucocorticoid
Replacement
Therapy
What is the mechanism of action of Hydrocortisone
Synthetic cortisol replacement
What is Hydrocortisone used to treat?
Addison’s Disease
Hypoadrenalism
What are the side effects of Hydrocortisone
The adrenal gland is not
producing any cortisol and thus removing steroid treatment suddenly can result in adrenal crisis.
What class of drugs are:
Cabergoline
Quinagolide
Bromocriptine
Dopamine (D2)
agonists
What is the mechanism of action of:
Cabergoline
Quinagolide
Bromocriptine
`Manic the actions of dopamine on the dopamine receptors.
This inhibits the secretion of prolactin from the anterior
pituitary.
What are the following used to treat:
Cabergoline
Quinagolide
Bromocriptine
Treatment of prolactinoma
What type of drug is Desmopressin
Synthetic Vasopression
What is the mechanism of action of Desmopressin
Desmopressin is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin with no vasoconstrictor effects.
What is Desmopressin used to treat?
Diabetes Insipidus
