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Phase 2 7. Year 2 medication list > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What drug type is Short-Acting Insulin

A

Insulin

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of actio of Short-Acting Insulin

A

Pre-meal injection or during medical emergencies.

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3
Q

What is Short-Acting Insulin used to treat?

A

Diabetes Type I

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4
Q

What drug type is Long-Acting Insulin

A

Insulin

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Long-Acting Insulin

A

Taken once or twice a day to provide background insulin levels
lasting approx 24 hours. They don’t need to be taken with food
since they have no peak action.

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6
Q

What is Long-Acting Insulin used to treat?

A

Diabetes Type I

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7
Q

What drug type is metformin

A

Biguanides

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

A

• Reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis by blocking the actions
of PEPCK and G6Pase which are 2 enzymes required for
the reversal of the glycolysis pathway.
• Biguanides increase insulin sensitivity, by increasing glucose
uptake, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and increasing glycolysis.

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9
Q

What is metformin used to treat?

A

Diabetes Type II

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10
Q

What are the side effects of metformin

A

25% of patients present with GI side effects

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11
Q 
What class of drug is Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide
A

Sulphonylureas

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Glibenclamide,

Gliclazide

A

Inhibits ATP sensitive K+ channels in beta cells of the

pancreas. Closed channels cause Ca2+ influx and thus insulin release.

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13
Q

what is Glibenclamide,

Gliclazide used to treat?

A

Diabetes Type II

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14
Q

What class of drug is Pioglitazone

A

Thiazolidinediones

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15
Q

What is the mechanism f action of Pioglitazone

A

Stops inappropriate deposition of lipid in non-adipose tissues
(which normally leads to insulin resistance), therefore
improving insulin sensitivity.

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16
Q

What is Pioglitazone used to treat?

A

Diabetes Type II

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17
Q

What type of drugs are Exanatide, Sitagliptin

A

Incretin-Based

Therapies

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Exanatide, Sitagliptin

A

Exanatide mimics the action of GLP-1
Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 (which normally breaks down GIP and
GLP1)

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19
Q

What are Exanatide, Sitagliptin used to treat?

A

Diabetes Type II

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20
Q

What type of drug is Dapagliflozin

A

SGLT2 Inhibitors

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Dapagliflozin

A

Blocks SGLT2 in the PCT of the nephron, just excreting

glucose in the urine and reducing hyperglycaemia

22
Q

What is Dapagliflozin used to treat

A

Diabetes Type II

23
Q

What are the side effects of Dapagliflozin

A

Higher risk of UTIs due to

glycosuria and volume depletion

24
Q

What are the drugs used to treat T2DM?

A 
Metformin
Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide
Pioglitazone
Exanatide
Sitagliptin
Dapagliflozin
25
Q

What type of drug is Carbimazole

A

Thionamides (Anti-

thyroid drugs)

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Carbimazole

A

• Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the action of
thyroid peroxidase. They inhibit the iodination of tyrosine.
• Carbimazole is a prodrug which is converted to thiamazole
(via first pass). Carbimazole also has immunosuppressive
properties during in treating Graves’ Disease

27
Q

What is Carbimazole used to treat?

A

Graves’ Disease

Hyperthyroidism

28
Q

What are the side effects of Carbimazole

A

Skin aplasia, rash, nausea

29
Q

What type of drug is Propylthiouracil

PTU

A

Thionamides (Anti-

thyroid drugs)

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Propylthiouracil

PTU

A

• Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the action of
thyroid peroxidase. They inhibit the iodination of tyrosine.
• PTU is less active and requires twice the dosing. PTU also
reduces the peripheral conversion of T4 → T3

31
Q

What is Propylthiouracil

(PTU) used to treat?

A

Graves’ Disease

Hyperthyroidism

32
Q

What are the side effects of Propylthiouracil

PTU

A

T4 has a long half-life (7days) therefore it can up to 10-20 days for any clinical benefit.

33
Q

What type of drug is Levothyroxine

A

Synthetic Thyroxine

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Levothyroxine

A

Synthetic thyroxine replacement given for life.

35
Q

What is Levothyroxine used to treat?

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

Hypothyroidism

36
Q

What are the side effects of Levothyroxine

A

Cardiac complications

37
Q

What drugs are given for Graves’ disease?

A
  • carbimazole
  • Propylthiouracil
    (PTU)
38
Q

What type of drug is Fludrocortisone

A

Mineralocorticoid
Replacement
Therapy

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Fludrocortisone

A

Synthetic aldosterone replacement

40
Q

What is Fludrocortisone used to treat?

A

Addison’s Disease

Hypoadrenalism

41
Q

What are the side effects of Fludrocortisone

A

Long-term steroid use can lead to Cushing’s disease.
Steroids cannot be stopped
immediately

42
Q

What type of drug is Hydrocortisone

A

Glucocorticoid
Replacement
Therapy

43
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Hydrocortisone

A

Synthetic cortisol replacement

44
Q

What is Hydrocortisone used to treat?

A

Addison’s Disease

Hypoadrenalism

45
Q

What are the side effects of Hydrocortisone

A

The adrenal gland is not

producing any cortisol and thus removing steroid treatment suddenly can result in adrenal crisis.

46
Q

What class of drugs are:
Cabergoline
Quinagolide
Bromocriptine

A

Dopamine (D2)

agonists

47
Q

What is the mechanism of action of:
Cabergoline
Quinagolide
Bromocriptine

A

`Manic the actions of dopamine on the dopamine receptors.
This inhibits the secretion of prolactin from the anterior
pituitary.

48
Q

What are the following used to treat:
Cabergoline
Quinagolide
Bromocriptine

A

Treatment of prolactinoma

49
Q

What type of drug is Desmopressin

A

Synthetic Vasopression

50
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Desmopressin

A

Desmopressin is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin with no vasoconstrictor effects.

51
Q

What is Desmopressin used to treat?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

Phase 2 7. Year 2 medication list (5 decks)

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