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First Aid > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

stimulates bone and muscle growth

A

GH

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2
Q

stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

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3
Q

stimulates milk secretion during lactation

A

oxytocin

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4
Q

responsible for female secondary sex characteristics

A

estrogen

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5
Q

stimulates metabolic activity

A

thyroid hormone​

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6
Q

increases blood glucose levels and decreases protein synthesis

A

Glucocorticoids

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7
Q

responsible for male secondary sex stuff

A

Testosterone

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8
Q

prepares endometrium for implantation/maintennace of pregnancy

A

progesterone

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9
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete cortisol

A

ACTH

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10
Q

stimulates follicle maturation in females

and spermatogenesis in males

A

FSH

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11
Q

increases plasma calcium, increases bone reabsorption

A

PTH

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12
Q

decreases plasma ca

increases vone formation

A

Calcitonin

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13
Q

stimulates ovulation in females and

testosoterone synthesis in males

A

LH

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14
Q

Stimulates thyroid to produce TH

and uptake iodine

A

TSH

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15
Q

what nucleus does oxytocin originate from in Hypothalamus?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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16
Q

where is progesterone made?

A

ovaries

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17
Q

where is testosterone made in women

A

ovaries

and small amount in zona reticularis in adrenal gland

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18
Q

what is the origin GLUCAGON

A

Alpha - cells in pancreaws

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19
Q

what nucleus is Vasopressin (ADH) made in?

A

supraoptic nucleus in hypothalamus

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20
Q

origin of Calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid

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21
Q

Epinephrine and nor epi are made from what cells in adrenal medulla

A

Chromaffin cells

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22
Q

what are each of these made?

estradiol:

Estriol

Estrone

A

Estradiol : ovaries

Estriol: placenta

Estrone: FAT cells

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23
Q

somatostatins origin is?

A

D cells of the

(pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

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24
Q

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) origin

A

zona Glomerulosa

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25
Q

ACTH origini?

A

Ant pituitary

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26
Q

inability to breastfeed

amenorrhea

cold intolerance

gain weight

A

sheenhan syndrome

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27
Q

infertility

galactorrhea

bitemporal hemianopia

A

prolactinoma

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28
Q

most common pituitary adenoma

A

prolactenoma

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29
Q

the most common tumor of the adrenal MEDULLA in CHILDREN

usually less than 4

and what are the tumor markers?

A

Neuroblastoma

+ Bombesin and NSE

associated with overexpression of

N-myc oncogene.

30
Q

1-4 yo with abdominal distension and a Firm

IRREGULAR mass that CAN cross the midline

A

Neuroblastoma

not: (wilms tumor that is smooth and unilateral)

elevated VMA, HVA (catacholamine metabolites) in urine

31
Q

what multiple endocrine neoplasias are in

MEN 1

A

“PPP”

Pituitary tumors (prolactin or GH) : can see amenorrhea

Pancreatic endocrine tumors

  • (zollinger ellison syndrome (gastrinoma), insulinomas, VIPomas, glucagonomas,

Parathyroid adenomas.

Q: pt presents w/ kidney stones (PTH), stomach ulcers (gastrinoma(

32
Q

what makes up

MEN 2A

A

(2Ps) PPM

Parathyroid Hyperplasia

Pheochromocytoma

Medullary thyroid carcionma

  • neoplasm of parafollicular or C cells; secrete calcitonin; prophylactic thyroidectomy required.
33
Q

what makes up

MEN 2B

A

(1 P, PMM)

Pheochromatoma

medullary thyroid carcinoma

Mucosal neuromas (oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis)

34
Q

most common tumor of the adrenal?

A

benign, non functioning adrenal adenoma

35
Q

most common tumor of adrenal medulla in adults

A

pheochromocytoma

36
Q

mc tumor of the adrenal medulla in children

A

neuroblastoma

37
Q

medical tx for pheochromocytoma

A

nonselective alpha blocker (phenoxybenzamine

then B blocker

prior to tumor resection.

to avoid HTN crisis

38
Q

pheocrhomocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidsim

A

MEN 2a

39
Q

pheomchromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas

A

MEN 2B

40
Q
A
41
Q

what thyroid cancers do you see

activation of receptor tyrosine kinases

A

papillary carcinoma

medullary carcinoma

42
Q

hasimoto thyroditis is a risk factor for?

A

B-cell lymphoma

43
Q

cancer arising from parafollicular C cells

A

medullary carcinoma

44
Q

most commonly associated with

RAS mutation or a

PAX8-PPARy-1 rearrangment

A

follicular carcinoma

45
Q

what thryoid cancer is associatec w/

rearrangements in REToncogeneorNTRK1

A

RET (papillary or medullary carcinoma)

BRAF = papillary carcinoma

46
Q

post opt thyroidectomy patient has perioral tingling, parathesias, what is the electrolyte abnormality

A

hypocalcemia.

47
Q

enlarged thyroid cells w/ ground glass nuclei

A

papillary thyroid cancer

48
Q

islet cell antibody against

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

(GAD)

antibody

is specific for?

A

type 1 DM

49
Q

side effect lactic acidosis is a rare but worrisome risk

A

metformin

50
Q

most common side effect is hypoglycemia

A

sulfonylureas, insulin

51
Q

recommended first- line treatment for most pts with diabetese

A

metformin, insulin

52
Q

this drug is not safe in pts with symptomatic CHF, or Fluid balance problems

A

TZDs

possibly SGLT-2 inhibitors

53
Q

should not be used in pts with abnormal KIDNEY function

A

Metformin,

SGLT-2 inhibitors

Sulfonylureas.

54
Q

not associated w/

wt gain, may help with weight loss

A

metformin

DP-4 inhibitors

GLP-1 analongs

SGLT - inhibitors

55
Q

metabolized by the liver,

could be used in pts with renal dysfunction

A

TZDs

56
Q

MOA: closes K+ channel on B cells –> depolarizatiion –> Ca influx –> insulin release.

A

Sulfonylureas

57
Q

MOA: agonist at PPAR gamma receptors –> imporved target cells response to insulin

A

TZDS

58
Q

MOA: decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis

A

Metformin,

TZDs

59
Q

MOA:

decrerases glucose reabsorption at the renal tubules

A

SGLT-2 inhibitors

60
Q

possble non insulin tx for pts with organ failure (renal, liver, heart)

A

DPP–4 inibitors

61
Q

what can cause lipodystrophy

A

leptin deficiency

HIV meds: protease inhibitors.

62
Q

what cells are in the parathyroid and what are their roles

A

chief cells (produce PTH)

oxyphil cells (dont know function

  • packed w/ mitochondria, appear at puberty, inc w/ age
63
Q

mc cause fo hypercalcemia

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

64
Q

mc cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma

second is parathyroid hyperplasia

65
Q

most common cause of hypoparathyroidism

A

accidenta lparathyroidectomy

66
Q

most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidsm

A

chronic renal failure.

67
Q

what thyroid disease is associated with

HLA-DR5

A

HASHIMOTOS

68
Q

what labs besides inc PTH,, INC Ca2, dec Phosphate. would you see in primary hyperparathyroidism

A

inc urinary cAMP!!!!!

Bc pth binds to Gs subunit on renal tubule –> inc adenylyl cyclase –> amp –> cAMP –> urinary camp

also inc alk phos.

69
Q

whats the cause?

inc PTH, DEC serum Ca, Inc Phosphate, dec Vit D, INC alk phos

A

renal failure

.thus not excreting the phosphate. which binds up all the free ca

70
Q

whats the cause

INC PTH,

DEC ca

dec or normal phosphate

A

vit D def

bc phosphate is also low.

71
Q

a child with

inc PTH, and HYPOCALEMIA.

child with shortened 4th and 5th finger.

short stature.

what is the diagnosis

THE CAUSE???

How must it be inherited

A

pseudohypoparathyroidism 1A (albright hereditary osteodystrophy)

unresponsiveness of kidney to PTH (end organ resistance to pth)

***** DUE TO defective Gs protein alpha subunit causing endorgan resistance to pth.

Autosomal dominant

defect must be inherited from MOTHER due to imprinting.

72
Q

what bone disorder results from excess PTH

A

osteitis fibrosa cystica

First Aid (15 decks)

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