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ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q

stimulates bone and muscle growth

A

GH

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2
Q

stimulates milk production

A

prolactin

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3
Q

stimulates milk secretion during lactation

A

oxytocin

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4
Q

responsible for female secondary sex characteristics

A

estrogen

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5
Q

stimulates metabolic activity

A

thyroid hormone​

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6
Q

increases blood glucose levels and decreases protein synthesis

A

Glucocorticoids

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7
Q

responsible for male secondary sex stuff

A

Testosterone

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8
Q

prepares endometrium for implantation/maintennace of pregnancy

A

progesterone

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9
Q

stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete cortisol

A

ACTH

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10
Q

stimulates follicle maturation in females

and spermatogenesis in males

A

FSH

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11
Q

increases plasma calcium, increases bone reabsorption

A

PTH

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12
Q

decreases plasma ca

increases vone formation

A

Calcitonin

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13
Q

stimulates ovulation in females and

testosoterone synthesis in males

A

LH

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14
Q

Stimulates thyroid to produce TH

and uptake iodine

A

TSH

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15
Q

what nucleus does oxytocin originate from in Hypothalamus?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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16
Q

where is progesterone made?

A

ovaries

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17
Q

where is testosterone made in women

A

ovaries

and small amount in zona reticularis in adrenal gland

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18
Q

what is the origin GLUCAGON

A

Alpha - cells in pancreaws

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19
Q

what nucleus is Vasopressin (ADH) made in?

A

supraoptic nucleus in hypothalamus

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20
Q

origin of Calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid

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21
Q

Epinephrine and nor epi are made from what cells in adrenal medulla

A

Chromaffin cells

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22
Q

what are each of these made?

estradiol:

Estriol

Estrone

A

Estradiol : ovaries

Estriol: placenta

Estrone: FAT cells

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23
Q

somatostatins origin is?

A

D cells of the

(pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

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24
Q

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) origin

A

zona Glomerulosa

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25
ACTH origini?
Ant pituitary
26
inability to breastfeed amenorrhea cold intolerance gain weight
**sheenhan syndrome**
27
infertility galactorrhea bitemporal hemianopia
prolactinoma
28
most common pituitary adenoma
prolactenoma
29
the most common tumor of the **adrenal MEDULLA** in **CHILDREN** usually less than 4 and what are the tumor markers?
**Neuroblastoma** + **Bombesin** and **NSE** associated with overexpression of **N-myc oncogene.**
30
1-4 yo with abdominal distension and a **Firm** **IRREGULAR mass** that **CAN cross** the **midline**
**Neuroblastoma** not: (wilms tumor that is smooth and unilateral) **elevated VMA, HVA** (catacholamine metabolites) in urine
31
what multiple endocrine neoplasias are in **MEN 1**
"PPP" **P**ituitary tumors (prolactin or GH) : can see amenorrhea **P**ancreatic endocrine tumors * (zollinger ellison syndrome (gastrinoma), insulinomas, VIPomas, glucagonomas, **P**arathyroid adenomas. Q: pt presents w/ kidney stones (PTH), stomach ulcers (gastrinoma(
32
what makes up **MEN 2A**
**(2Ps) PPM** **P**arathyroid **Hyperplasia** **P**heochromocytoma **M**edullary thyroid carcionma * neoplasm of parafollicular or C cells; secrete **calcitonin;** prophylactic thyroidectomy required.
33
what makes up **MEN 2B**
(1 P, PMM) **Pheochromatoma** **medullary thyroid carcinoma** **M**ucosal neuromas (oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis)
34
most common tumor of the adrenal?
**benign, non functioning adrenal adenoma**
35
most common tumor of adrenal medulla in adults
pheochromocytoma
36
mc tumor of the adrenal medulla in children
neuroblastoma
37
medical tx for pheochromocytoma
**nonselective alpha blocker (phenoxybenzamine** then B blocker prior to tumor resection. to avoid HTN crisis
38
pheocrhomocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidsim
MEN 2a
39
pheomchromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and mucosal neuromas
**MEN 2B**
40
41
what thyroid cancers do you see activation of **receptor tyrosine kinases**
**papillary carcinoma** **medullary carcinoma**
42
**hasimoto thyroditis** is a risk factor for?
**B-cell lymphoma**
43
cancer arising from **parafollicular C cells**
**medullary carcinoma**
44
most commonly associated with ***RAS* mutation** or a **PAX8-PPARy-1 rearrangment**
**follicular carcinoma**
45
what thryoid cancer is associatec w/ **rearrangements** in **RET****oncogene**or***NTRK1***
**RET (papillary or medullary carcinoma)** **BRAF = papillary carcinoma**
46
post opt thyroidectomy patient has perioral tingling, parathesias, what is the electrolyte abnormality
**hypocalcemia.**
47
**enlarged thyroid cells w/ ground glass nuclei**
papillary thyroid cancer
48
islet cell antibody against **Glutamic acid decarboxylase** (GAD) antibody is specific for?
**type 1 DM**
49
side effect **lactic acidosis** is a rare but worrisome risk
**metformin**
50
most common side effect is **hypoglycemia**
**sulfonylureas, insulin**
51
recommended first- line treatment for most pts with diabetese
**metformin, insulin**
52
this drug is not safe in pts with symptomatic **CHF,** or **Fluid balance problems**
**TZDs** possibly SGLT-2 inhibitors
53
should not be used in pts with **abnormal KIDNEY function**
**Metformin,** **SGLT-2 inhibitors** **Sulfonylureas.**
54
not associated w/ **wt gain,** may help with **weight loss**
**metformin** **DP-4 inhibitors** **GLP-1 analongs** **SGLT - inhibitors**
55
**metabolized** by the liver, could be used in pts with renal dysfunction
**TZDs**
56
MOA: closes K+ channel on B cells --\> depolarizatiion --\> Ca influx --\> insulin release.
**Sulfonylureas**
57
MOA: **agonist** at **PPAR gamma** receptors --\> imporved target cells response to insulin
**TZDS**
58
MOA: de**creases hepatic gluconeogenesis**
**Metformin,** ## Footnote TZDs
59
MOA: **decrerases glucose reabsorption at the renal tubules**
SGLT-2 inhibitors
60
possble non insulin tx for pts with organ failure (renal, liver, heart)
**DPP--4 inibitors**
61
what can cause lipodystrophy
**leptin deficiency** HIV meds**: protease inhibitors.**
62
what cells are in the parathyroid and what are their roles
**chief cells (produce PTH)** **oxyphil cells** (dont know function - packed w/ mitochondria, appear at puberty, inc w/ age
63
mc cause fo hypercalcemia
primary hyperparathyroidism
64
mc cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma second is parathyroid hyperplasia
65
most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
accidenta lparathyroidectomy
66
most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidsm
chronic renal failure.
67
what thyroid disease is associated with **HLA-DR5**
**HASHIMOTOS**
68
what labs besides inc PTH,, INC Ca2, dec Phosphate. would you see in primary hyperparathyroidism
**inc urinary cAMP!!!!!** Bc pth binds to Gs subunit on renal tubule --\> inc adenylyl cyclase --\> amp --\> cAMP --\> urinary camp also **inc alk phos.**
69
whats the cause? ## Footnote **inc PTH, DEC serum Ca, Inc Phosphate, dec Vit D, INC alk phos**
**renal failure** **.**thus not excreting the phosphate. which binds up all the free ca
70
whats the cause **INC PTH,** **DEC ca** **dec or normal phosphate**
**vit D def** bc phosphate is also low.
71
a child with **inc PTH,** and **HYPOCALEMIA.** **child with shortened 4th and 5th finger.** **short stature.** **what is the diagnosis** THE CAUSE??? How must it be inherited
**pseudohypoparathyroidism 1A (albright hereditary osteodystrophy)** **unresponsiveness of kidney to PTH (end organ resistance to pth)** \*\*\*\*\* DUE TO defective **Gs protein alpha subunit** causing endorgan resistance to pth. Autosomal **dominant** defect must be inherited from **MOTHER** due to **imprinting.**
72
what bone disorder results from excess PTH
**osteitis fibrosa cystica**

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