Endocrine Flashcards
Chemical messengers released into blood or lymph
Hormone
This happens when the hormone reaches their target
Sequence of events that makes the target cell carry out a particular function
2 common characteristics among endocrine organs
Ductless (have to dump directly into blood or lymph)
Highly vascularized
Major endocrine glands
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, thymus, pancreas, gonads
Organ also in nervous system
Hypothalamus
Organ also in lymphatic/immune system
Thymus
Organ also in digestive system
Pancreas
Stomach
Liver
Small intestine
Organs also in reproductive system
Gonads (ovaries/testes)
Placenta
Organ also in excretory/urinary system
Kidneys
Organ also in cardiovascular system
Heart
What tissue also involved
Adipose
Production of ADH, oxytocin, regulatory hormones
Hypothalamus
ACTH, TSH,GH PRL FSH LH MSH
Other lobe release of oxytocin and ADH
Pituitary gland
Anterior then posterior
Thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) calcitonin
Thyroid
Thymosins
Thymus
Epinephrine norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla of adrenal
Cortisol coritosterone aldosterone androgens
Adrenal cortex of adrenal
Melatonin
Pineal
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid
Natriuretic peptides:
ANP BNP
Heart
Erythropoietin EPO
Calcitriol
Kidney
Leptin
Resistin
Adipose tissue
Numerous hormones
Digestive tract
Insulin glucagon
Pancreatic islets
Testes: androgens (testosterone) inhibin
Ovaries: estrogens progestins inhibin
Gonads
Cells that respond to specific hormones
Target cells
Hormone aka
Chemical messenger
Small molecules derived from amino acids that have different side groups than the amino acid compromising proteins
Amino acid hormones
Hormone made by tryptophan that regulates sleep-wake cycles
Aka pineal hormone
Melatonin
Subdivisions of amino acid hormones
Tryptophan and amino acid tyrosine
Catecholamines epinephrine norepinephrine and dopamine (neurotransmitters but also can be hormones)
Tyrosine
This makes people sleepy when you eat turkey or drink warm milk before going sleeping for better sleep
Tryptophan
Small chains of amino acids or small proteins that usually bear carbohydrate residues making then __
Peptide hormones
Glycoproteins
Erythropoietin (kidneys) and inhibin (reprod.
Glycoproteins
Membrane lipid, prostaglandin in this group of lipid derivatives
Arachnoid acid
Derived from cholesterol
Ex sex hormones calcitriol corticosteroids (cortisol and aldosterone)
Steroid hormones
Active vitamin D3
It’s from
Calcitriol
Kidneys
Cortisol and aldosterone are from
Adrenal gland
Why do hormone do to their targets?
Regulate movement of substances in and out of cells
Are amino acid derivatives, peptides, and small proteins so liable in lipid bilayer of plasma membrane
No
Series of intracellular molecules activated by hormone receptor bindings, act as second messengers
cAMP
Release of calcium ions
cAMP
Cyclic AMP
Hormone receptor binding leads to the activation of a membrane lipid enzyme which results in the formation of
Protein kinase C
This alters activity of specific enzymes and channels or it binds to the intracellular regulatory proteins (calmodulin)
Calcium
After calcium bonds to calmodulin, what happens
Emzes activate that amplify the cellular response
Posterior of pituitary gland
Neurohypophysis
Neurohypophysis releases 2 hormones
ADH and oxytocin OT
Regulates urine volume and blood pressure
ADH
Labor, milk let down reflex, uterine contractions,
Oxytocin
Deficiency of ADH causes
Diabetes inspidus (overflow + tasteless)
Swellings that are expanded acon endings of hypothalamic neurons coming from either the supra optic nucleus or para ventricular and has granules of ADH and OT
Herring bodies
Narrow bridge of tissue connecting lobes of thyroid gland
Isthmus
Cells that respond to elevated levels of calcium in the plasma by releasing calcitonin
C cells
