Endocrine Flashcards
Insulin - 3 types to know
Short = Novorapid
Long = Glargine
Fast/intermediate mix = Humalog mix
Insulin - mechanism of action
Increases cellular uptake of glucose
Stimulates glycogenesis, encourages DNA synthesis and promotes release of growth hormone
Insulin - side effects
Hypoglycaemia & symptoms
Oedema
Injection site reactions
Which insulin can be given IV?
Actrapid
Sulphonylureas - mechanism of action
Gliclazide
Stimulates B cells of the pancreas to produce more insulin
Increase cellular glucose uptake and glycogenesis, reduces gluconeogenesis
Sulphonylureas - side effects
Hypoglycaemia
Weight gain
GLP-1 agonist - mechanism of action
Exanatide (injection only)
GLP-1 is a hormone that is released after meals to increase insulin secretion
GLP-1 agonists increase insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion and reduce hunger
GLP-1 agonist - side effects
Hypoglycaemia
Biguanides - mechanism of action
Metformin
Increase activity of AMP-dependent protein kinase
This inhibits gluconeogenesis, reduces insulin resistance
Biguanides - side effects
Lack of appetite, taste disturbance
Risk of lactic acidosis in patients with renal failure
Synthetic thyroid hormone - mechanism of action
Leothyroxine
Acts like T4 and gets converted to T3 in liver and kidney
Maintain brain function, food metabolism, and body temperature in hypothyroidism
Anti-thyroid drugs - mechanism of action
Carbimazole (pro-drug) & Propylthiouracil
Reduces activity of peroxidase enzyme, may also reduce peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
Bisphosphonates - mechanism of action
Alendronate & Ibandronate
Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption
OCP - mechanism of action
Microgynon (combine OCP, progestin and oestrogen)
Cerazette (progestin only)
Acts on female reproductive tract, the mammary glands, hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Reduces production of GnRH
Blunts the LH surge that stimulates ovulation
OCP - side effects
Increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
Increased risk of venous thromboembolic disease
Mood swings
Headache
Breast tenderness
