Endocrine

Question 1

name all the endocrine glands

Answer 1

hypothalamus

pituitary

parathyroid and thyroid glands

suprarenal glands

pancreas

ovaries/testes

Question 2

what does the diencephalon consist of?

Answer 2

thalamus and hypothalamus (thalamus is posterior)

Question 3

what are the 3 components of the brainstem?

Answer 3

midbrain

pons

medullaoblongata

Question 4

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Answer 4

infindibulum

Question 5

where does the pituitary lie?

Answer 5

in the sella turcica, inferior to the optic chiasm

Question 6

what effect does a midline pituitary tumour have on the visual pathway

Answer 6

bitemporal haemanopia

Question 7

two surgical approaches to the pituitary fossa?

Answer 7

transcranial and transsphenoidal

Question 8

what forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

Answer 8

perpendicular part of the ethmoid bone

Question 9

what forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 9

cribiform plate of the ethmoid

Question 10

what forms the inferior part of the nasal septum?

Answer 10

vomer

Question 11

what concha does the ethmoid bone give rise to?

Answer 11

super and middle nasal concha

Question 12

which concha is considered a bone itself?

Answer 12

inferior

Question 13

what are the 4 sinuses and the bones that form them?

Answer 13

frontal sinuses - frontal bone

maxillary - maxilla

ethmoidal air cells - ethmoid

sphenoid - sphenoid

Question 14

where (specifically) are the sphenoid sinuses located?

Answer 14

in the body of the sphenoid bone

Question 15

how many groups of ethmoidal air cells are there?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

what is the name of the tough roof or dura mater over the pituitary fossa?

Answer 16

diaphragm sellae

Question 17

what is the entire cranial cavity lined with?

Answer 17

dura mater

Question 18

what is the name of the tough sheet of dura mater over the cerebellum? what is the gap in it for?

Answer 18

tentorium cerebelli to allow the brainstem to pass through

Question 19

what do the dural venous sinuses drain into and where?

Answer 19

internal jugular veins at the jugular foraminae in the floor of the cranial fossa

Question 20

what surround the pituitary gland?

Answer 20

anterior intercavernous sinus

right and left cavernous sinuses

Question 21

where does the isthmus of the thyroid lie?

Answer 21

anterior to the 2nd and 3rd cartilages of the trachea

Question 22

what direction will a thyroid lump move on swallowing?

Answer 22

superiorly then inferiorly, with the larynx

Question 23

what nerve supplies the platysma muscles?

Answer 23

CN7

Question 24

what does prevertebral fascia enclose?

Answer 24

cervical vertebrae

postural neck muscles

Question 25

what does investing fascia enclose?

Answer 25

trapezius SCM all other compartments

Question 26

what do the carotid sheaths enclose?

Answer 26

IJV carotid arteries vagus nerves deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 27

what does pretracheal fascia enclose?

Answer 27

strap muscles thyroid gland trachea oesophagus recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 28

where is the retropharyngeal space?

Answer 28

between the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia

Question 29

trapezius muscle (attachments nerve supply)

Answer 29

inferiorly : spine of scapula and lateral end of clavicle superiorly : skull, nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T12. innervation : CN11

Question 30

SCM (attachments nerve supply)

Answer 30

sternal head : manubrium of sternum clavicular head : medial end of the clavicle superiorly (both) : mastoid process of temporal bone innervation : CN11

Question 31

arterial supply of thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 31

inferior and superior thyroid arteries (inferior from subclavian, superior from external carotid)

Question 32

venous drainage of thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 32

superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins (coming from the internal jugular veins)

Question 33

lympatic drainage of thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 33

superior deep cervical nodes inferior deep cervical nodes

Question 34

what are the tracheal lymph nodes?

Answer 34

pretracheal and paratracheal

Question 35

branches of the vagus nerve (3) and location?

Answer 35

superior laryngeal nerve (larynx) right recurrent laryngeal nerve (recurs under subclavian artery) left recurrent laryngeal nerve (recurs under arch of aorta) SOMATIC

Question 36

name the 4 strap muscles?

Answer 36

sternohyoid thyrohyoid omohyoid (superior and inferior belly - inferior attaches to scapula)

Question 37

where is the thyroidectomy incision made? what structures does it go through?

Answer 37

superior to the clavicles and jugular notch through skin and platysma

Question 38

what does injury of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve cause and why?

Answer 38

paralysis of vocal cord as it provides somatic motor supply to skeletal muscles that move the R vocal cord

Question 39

what does unilateral injury of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

Answer 39

hoarseness

Question 40

what does bilateral injury of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve cause ?

Answer 40

aphonia and inability to close rima glottidis (cannot produce a good cough)