Endocrine

Question 1

Thyroglossal duct cyst vs persistent cervical sinus

Answer 1

anterior midline neck mass

branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck

Question 2

medulla of adrenal gland

Answer 2

chromaffin cells

neuroblastoma–most common tumor in children

Question 3

leptin

Answer 3

produced by adipose tissue, decreases during starvation. mutation of leptin gene is equal to congenital obesity. sleep deprivation decreases leptin production.
leptIN keeps you thIN.

Question 4

calcitonin and PTH

Answer 4

calcitonin opposes PTH. Calcitonin tones down Ca2+ levels by decreasing bone resorption of Ca2+

Question 5

Adrenal Insufficiency

Answer 5

inability of adrenal glands to generate enough glucocorticoids +/- mineralcorticoids for the body’s needs.
primary–cortex. aldosterone and cortisol. loss of gland function. ACTCH, CRH.

Question 6

Neuroblastoma

Question 7

Grave’s disease

Answer 7

most common cause of hyperthryroidism, IgG stimulate TSH receptors on thyroid (goiter) retro-orbital fibroblasts, presents during stress
heat intolerance, weight loss (increased appetite), hyperactivity, diarrhea. bilateral proptosis and eyelid retraction. visible sclera.

Question 8

MEN

Answer 8

multiple endocrine neoplasias
All MEN are dominant
Parathyroid tumors, pituitary tumors, pancreatic endocrine tumors

Question 9

Thyroid development

Answer 9

floor of pharynx and descends into neck. 
tongue to thyroid--thyroglossal duct (pryramidal lobe of thyroid)
foramen cecum (normal remnant of thyroglossal duct)