embryology

Question 1

persistent cloaca

Answer 1

abnormal development of urorectal septum
nondivision of the cloaca into urogenital and anorectal parts
common path–persistent cloaca

Question 2

ectopic testes

Answer 2

failure of gubernaculum to descend

arises from lower gonadal ridge

Question 3

extrophy of the bladder

Answer 3

failure of primitive streak mesoderm to migrate around cloacal membrane

Question 4

ureteric bud

Answer 4

metanephric diverticulum
outgrowth of the mesonephric duct 
gives rise to ureter, renal pelvis
calyces, collection tubules
incomplete division is bifid ureter

Question 5

bicornate uterus vs double uterus

Answer 5

failure of fusion of inferior paramesonephric ducts=double uterus
superior parts of paramesonephric==bicornate

Question 6

hypospadias vs epispadias

Answer 6

hypospadias, below, ventral, inguinal hernia, cryptorchidism, urethral folds

epispadias, dorsal penis, genital tubercle, extrophy of the bladder,
Epispadias, hit your Eye when you pEE, spongy urethra

Question 7

perineal hypospadia

Answer 7

failure of fusion of labioscrotal folds

urethra is between unfused halves of scrotum