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Pathology Unit 5 Condensed > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q
  • lethargy, heaches and muscle weakness
  • excessive water dirnking, polyuria
  • suprasellar calcification
A

Craniopharyngioma-arises form remnants of rathkes pouch and compresses posterior pituitary (lack of ADH secretion)

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2
Q
  • Small cell carcinoma of the lung (or with carcinoma of prostate, GI and pancreas)
  • seizures, hypotensive, hyponatremia
  • dilute urine
  • Normal Ct
A

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

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3
Q
  • small cell carcinoma of lung
  • rounding of face, upper truncal obesity
  • muscle weakness, thin skin with striae
  • Hypertension
  • High corticotropin level (ACTH)
A

paraneoplastic cushing syndrome (ACTH producing tumor)

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4
Q
  • previous severe hypotensive episode (usually from postpartum hemorrhage)
  • Months later c/o lethargy, pallor, weakness, failure of lactation and amenorrhea
A

Sheehan Syndrome (infarcation of pituitary)

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5
Q
  • polyuria and increased thirst
  • trauma to base of skull
A

Damage to neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary-no secretion of ADH)

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6
Q
  • headache, visual changes, deepening of voice, weakness
  • amenorrhea
  • Hypercalciuria
  • arthritic joint pain
  • increased shoe/hat size
  • impaired glucose tolerance
A

Pituitary Adenoma-acromegaly (increased GH secretion)

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7
Q
  • headaches, visual disturbances and irregular menses
  • breasts are firm and tender
  • MRI shows enlargement of ant. pituitary
  • erectile dysfunction in males
A

Lactotrope Adenoma

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8
Q
  • muscle weakness, drooping eyelids
  • worsens with repetetive mvmts
  • resolve after short rest
  • anterior mediastinal mass
A

Thymic hyperplasia- can be associated with myasthenia gravis

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9
Q
  • tingling in hands and feet 24 hrs after surgery for thyroid follicular carcinoma
  • progresses to mucle cramps, laryngeal stridor, and convulsions
A

Hypoparathyroidism (causes hypocalcemia leading to symptoms)

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10
Q
  • anterior neck mass
  • dysphagia and hoarseness
  • inspiratory stridor
A

Nontoxic goiter (patient is euthyroid)

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11
Q
  • 46 XX Karyotype
  • virilization of external female genitalia
  • increased adrenal androgens and progesterone
  • Autosomal recessive disorder
A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia- 21-Hydroxylase deficiency

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12
Q
  • Severe dehydration and hypotension
  • Severe adrenal hyperplasia
  • hyponatremia
  • hyperkalemia
  • increased renin secretion
A

Hypoaldosteronism (also part of CAH)

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13
Q
  • history of chronic respiratory, and GI infections
  • hypoplasia of thymus
  • eczema
  • thrombocytopenia
  • sex linked hereditary disease
A

Wiskott Aldrich Syndrom

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14
Q
  • failure of development of 3rd and 4th branchial pouches
  • hypoplasia of thyroid (causing immune deficiency) and parathyroids
  • hypocalcemia-can cause severe muscle cramps and convulsions
A

DiGeorge Syndrome

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15
Q
  • hypocalcemia, high PTH levels
  • short stature
  • obesity, mental retardation
  • subcutaneous calcifications
A

Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy -causing pseudohypoparathyroidism (end-organ unresponsiveness to PTH)

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16
Q

What endocrine disorder predisposes to nephrolithiasis?

A

Hyperparathyroidism- can be from parathyroid adenoma of chief cells, can also be caused by renal insufficiency

17
Q
  • mutation in RET protooncogene
  • medullary thyroid carcinoma, adrenal medulla pheochromocytoma, parathyroid adenoma (or hyperplasia)
A

MEN2A Syndrome

18
Q

Hyperparathyroidism can increase the incidence of peptic ulcer disease because hypercalcemia increases the secretion of________

A

Gastrin

19
Q
  • sluggish and apathetic baby
  • large abdomen, umbilical hernia, skin is pale and cold
A

Cretinism- secondary to congenital hypothyroidism

20
Q
  • end stage renal disease
  • bone pain with small bone cysts and pathologic fractures
A

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica-renal disease causes secondary hyperparathyroidism

21
Q
  • increasing fatigure and muscle weakness
  • cold, clammy skin, boggy face with puffy eyelids and peripheral edema
  • decreased T3 and T4 levels
A

Autoimmune thyroiditis

22
Q
  • hx of multinodular goiter
  • nervousness, insomnia, heart palpitations
  • diffusely endlarged thyroid
  • elevated T3 and T4
  • antithyroid antibodies are negative
A

Hyperthyroidism-Toxic Goiter

23
Q
  • enlarged thyroid
  • low T3 and T4 levels
  • antibodies to thyroid antigens
  • infiltrateof lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • destruction and atrophy of the follicles
A

Hashimoto Thyroiditis (Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis)

24
Q
  • solitary, nontender, firm nodule on left side of neck
  • malignant cells on biopsy (below)
  • branching papillae lined by epithelial cells with orphan annie nuclei and fibrovascular cores
  • Psammomma bodies are diagnostic
A

Papillary Carcinoma

25
Q
  • low grade fever
  • 3 day history of pain in the neck
  • slightly enlarged thyroid
  • Thyroid shows granulomatous inflammation and presence of giant cells
A

Subactue Dequervians Throiditis (brought on by viral infection)

26
Q
  • swelling in anterior neck
  • no symptomsexcept discomfort when swallowing
  • stony hard thyroid gland, adherent to other neck structures
  • thyroid parenchyma is replaced by dense hyalinized fibrous tissue and a chronic inflmmatory infiltrate
A

Reidels Thyroiditis

27
Q
  • nervousness, muscle weakness, heat intolerance and excessive sweating
  • weight loss, heart racing, missed periods
  • moist skin and bulging eyes
  • Anti-TSH antibodies
  • biopsy shows follicular hyperplasia with SCALLOPING of colloid
A

Graves Disease

28
Q
  • swelling in neck
  • solitary, nontender nodule on thyroid
  • thyroid fxn is normal
  • does not take up radiolabeled iodine
A

Follicular adenoma

29
Q
  • Derived from C-Cells of the thyroid
  • swelling in neck
  • diarrhea
  • thyroid nodule is “cold” on iodine scan
  • biopsy shows malignant cells and homogenous eosinophillic material
  • elevated Calcitonin levels
A

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

30
Q
  • swelling in anterior neck
  • Thyroid fxn is normal
  • “hot” on iodine uptake scan
  • bopsy shows neoplastic cells with evidence of vascular and capsular invasion
  • bony metastases
A

follicular carcinoma

31
Q
  • child w/ decreased appetite, lethargy and enlarging belly
  • biopsy shows small blue cells
  • suprarenal mass
  • increased levels of urinary vanillylmandelic acid
  • amplification of n-myc gene on chromosome 2
A

Neuroblastoma

32
Q
  • amenorrhea
  • truncal obesity, and emotional disturbances
  • elevated serum corticosteroids
  • buffalo hump
  • striae and diabetes
A

Cushing disease caused by pituitary adenoma secretion of ACTH

33
Q

Explain the dexamethsone suppresion test.

A
  • distinguish btwn ACTH dependent and independent forms of cushings
  • Dexamethasone supresses pituitary secretion of ACTH which should then supress cortisol levels in ACTH dependent processes
  • If high cortisol is ACTH independent (adrenal hyperplasia or tumors) then the cortisol will remain high
34
Q

Where would a patient with cushings syndrome most likely have a tumor if dexamethasone does NOT decrease cortisol?

A

Adrenal Cortex-Zona fasciculata

35
Q

Excess of corticosteroids put patients at risk for_______

A

osteoporosis

36
Q
  • nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
  • hypotension
  • hyperpigmentation
  • hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
A

Addisons disease-primary adrenal insufficiency (autoimmune disorder)

37
Q
  • muscle weakness and dizziness
  • hypernatremia and hypokalemia
  • elevated serum aldosterone
  • low renin and angiotensin
  • hypertension
  • Normal BUN, creatinine and cortisol levels
A

Conn Syndrome-inappropriate secretion of aldosterone by adrenal adenoma

38
Q
  • sudden episodic attacks of dizziness, blurred vision and headaches with hypertension
  • normal aldosterone, renin and angiotensin levels
  • increased urine metanephrines
A

Pheochromocytoma-tumor of chrommafin cells, secretes catecholamines

Pathology Unit 5 Condensed (7 decks)

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