endocrine Flashcards
Glucose =
Measures blood glucose at the time sample obtained
Glucose
REFERENCE VALUES:
70-100 mg/dL
Glucose
FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE (FPG):
90-130 mg/dL
Glucose Hyperglycemic Trending Upward =
(> 200 mg/dL)
Glucose Hyperglycemic Trending Upward
causes:
Diabetes mellitus
Sepsis
Brain Tumors
Certain medications
IV glucose
After a meal
Pancreatitis
Glucose Hyperglycemic Trending Upward
presentation:
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Severe fatigue
Glucose Hyperglycemic Trending Upward
clinical implications:
Decreased tolerance to activity
Glucose Hypoglycemic Trending Downward =
(< 70 mg/dL)
Glucose Hypoglycemic Trending Downward
causes:
Excess insulin
Brain injury
Pituitary deficiency
Malignancy
Addison’s disease
Glucose Hypoglycemic Trending Downward
presentation:
Lethargy
Irritability
Shaking
Extremity Weakness
Loss of consciousness
Glucose Hypoglycemic Trending Downward
clinical implication:
A glucose target between 140-180 mg/dL is recommended for most patients in noncritical care units while hospitalized
Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes:
FPG > 126 mg/dL
OR
2-hour Plasma Glucose > 200 mg/dL
Hgb A1C =
Shows the average level of blood glucose
control over the previous 3 months
Hgb A1C
reference values =
Normal: < 5.7%
Pre-diabetes mellitus: 5.7 - 6.4%
With diabetes mellitus: > 6.5% (poor glucose control)
Hgb A1C
causes:
Diabetes mellitus
Hgb A1C
presentation:
Eye disease Heart disease
Kidney disease
Nerve damage
Stroke
Gum disease
Non-traumatic amputations
Hgb A1C
clinical implications:
Monitor vitals if poorly controlled diabetes
Educate importance of exercise for blood sugar control
Consider for wound care management
Thyroxine (T4) REFERENCE VALUES =
Total 4.5-11.5 μg/dL
Triiodothyronine (T3) REFERENCE VALUES =
80-200 ng/dL
Thyroid – Stimulating Hormone (TSH) REFERENCE VALUES =
0.3-3.0 U/mL
Hyperthyroidism causes =
Increased T3 and/or T4
Hyperthyroidism
presentation =
Tremors
Nervousness/lability Weakness/muscular atrophy Increased reflexes
Fatigue
Tachycardia – increased CO
Arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation) Hypotension
Chronic periarthritis
Proximal weakness
Also affects: integumentary,
gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems
Hyperthyroidism
clinical implications =
Decreased exercise tolerance – both strength and capacity.
Monitor heart rate and blood pressure.
Patient at risk for dysrhythmias during exercise.
Patient in a hypermetabolic state will deplete nutrients quickly with exercise.
Hypothyroidism causes =
Increased TSH Decreased T3 and or T4