endocrine

Question 1

Glucose =

Answer 1

Measures blood glucose at the time sample obtained

Question 2

Glucose

REFERENCE VALUES:

Answer 2

70-100 mg/dL

Question 3

Glucose

FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE (FPG):

Answer 3

90-130 mg/dL

Question 4

Glucose Hyperglycemic Trending Upward =

Answer 4

(> 200 mg/dL)

Question 5

Glucose Hyperglycemic Trending Upward

causes:

Answer 5

Diabetes mellitus
Sepsis
Brain Tumors
Certain medications
IV glucose
After a meal
Pancreatitis

Question 6

Glucose Hyperglycemic Trending Upward

presentation:

Answer 6

Diabetic ketoacidosis
Severe fatigue

Question 7

Glucose Hyperglycemic Trending Upward

clinical implications:

Answer 7

Decreased tolerance to activity

Question 8

Glucose Hypoglycemic Trending Downward =

Answer 8

(< 70 mg/dL)

Question 9

Glucose Hypoglycemic Trending Downward

causes:

Answer 9

Excess insulin
Brain injury
Pituitary deficiency
Malignancy
Addison’s disease

Question 10

Glucose Hypoglycemic Trending Downward

presentation:

Answer 10

Lethargy
Irritability
Shaking
Extremity Weakness
Loss of consciousness

Question 11

Glucose Hypoglycemic Trending Downward

clinical implication:

Answer 11

A glucose target between 140-180 mg/dL is recommended for most patients in noncritical care units while hospitalized

Question 12

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes:

Answer 12

FPG > 126 mg/dL

OR

2-hour Plasma Glucose > 200 mg/dL

Question 13

Hgb A1C =

Answer 13

Shows the average level of blood glucose
control over the previous 3 months

Question 14

Hgb A1C
reference values =

Answer 14

Normal: < 5.7%

Pre-diabetes mellitus: 5.7 - 6.4%

With diabetes mellitus: > 6.5% (poor glucose control)

Question 15

Hgb A1C
causes:

Answer 15

Diabetes mellitus

Question 16

Hgb A1C
presentation:

Answer 16

Eye disease Heart disease
Kidney disease
Nerve damage
Stroke
Gum disease
Non-traumatic amputations

Question 17

Hgb A1C
clinical implications:

Answer 17

Monitor vitals if poorly controlled diabetes

Educate importance of exercise for blood sugar control

Consider for wound care management

Question 18

Thyroxine (T4) REFERENCE VALUES =

Answer 18

Total 4.5-11.5 μg/dL

Question 19

Triiodothyronine (T3) REFERENCE VALUES =

Answer 19

80-200 ng/dL

Question 20

Thyroid – Stimulating Hormone (TSH) REFERENCE VALUES =

Answer 20

0.3-3.0 U/mL

Question 21

Hyperthyroidism causes =

Answer 21

Increased T3 and/or T4

Question 22

Hyperthyroidism
presentation =

Answer 22

Tremors
Nervousness/lability Weakness/muscular atrophy Increased reflexes
Fatigue
Tachycardia – increased CO
Arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation) Hypotension
Chronic periarthritis
Proximal weakness

Also affects: integumentary,
gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems

Question 23

Hyperthyroidism
clinical implications =

Answer 23

Decreased exercise tolerance – both strength and capacity.

Monitor heart rate and blood pressure.

Patient at risk for dysrhythmias during exercise.

Patient in a hypermetabolic state will deplete nutrients quickly with exercise.

Question 24

Hypothyroidism causes =

Answer 24

Increased TSH Decreased T3 and or T4

Question 25

Hypothyroidism
presentation =

Answer 25

Slow Speech/Hoarseness
Slow Mental Function
Ataxia
Proximal muscle weakness Carpel tunnel syndrome Prolonged reflexes
Paresthesia
Muscular/joint edema
Back pain
Bradycardia
CHF
Poor peripheral circulation Hyperlipidemia
HTN

Also affects: integumentary,
gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems

Question 26

Hypothyroidism
Clinical implications =

Answer 26

Hypothyroidism – frequently accompanied by myalgia and CK elevation.

More prone to skin tears.

Activity intolerance; should improve with treatment of hypothyroidism.

Rhabdomyolysis, although rare, can appear in the presence of heavy exercise, alcohol, or medications.

Monitor heart rate – bradycardia