Endocrine

Question 1

What occurs during hyperthyroidism

Answer 1

• # increase thyroid = increase BMR = increase SNS
• increase weight loss + increase appetite
• anxious, irritable
• heat intolerance
• increase HR
• warm, moist skin
• muscle tremors/weakness

Question 2

What is hypothyroidism, S+S

Answer 2

• # decrease thyroid levels = decrease BMR
• weight gain
• lethargic, mental sluggishness
• cold intolerance
• decrease HR
• cold, dry
• decrease reflexive action, muscle weakness

Question 2

What is Grave’s disease

Answer 2

• causes hyperthyroidism
• antibodies that mimic TSH
• stimulates increase TH production and increase secretion

Question 3

Grave disease/hyperthyrodism management

Answer 3

• anti-thyroid drugs
• radioactive iodine
• thyroid ectomy

Question 4

what causes hypothyroidism

Answer 4

• hashimoto’s
• thyroiditis
• iodine deficiency
• congenital complications

Question 5

Management of hypothyroidism

Answer 5

• synthetic thyroxine

Question 6

what is hypercortisolism/cushing’s sydrome

Answer 6

• increase cortisol =
  -increase glycogenolysis
• increase gluconeogenesis/lipolysis
• increase protein breakdown
• decrease immunity/inflammation
• wide effects on cardiovascular and nervous system

Question 7

hypercortisolism/cushing’s sydrome causes

Answer 7

• Medication (steroids) = mimic cortisol
• Increase ACTH (due to pituitary adenoma)
• adrenal tumors

Question 8

Patho of S+S of hypercortisolism/cushing’s sydrome

Answer 8

1. Protein breakdown
   - Muscle wasting
   - increase risk of fracture = osteoporosis
   - skin changes = easily bruising, shin tears, stretching
2. alter lipid metabolism
   - fat re-distribution = moon face, fat to back of the neck, increase abdominal fat
3. decrease immunity/inflammation = increase susceptibility

Question 9

Cushing’s syndrome/hypercortisolism management

Answer 9

• gradual withdrawal of steriods
• tumour removal
• steroid inhibitors

Question 10

what is Addison’s disease/hypoadrenalism

Answer 10

• Decrease aldosterone, decrease cortisol, decrease gonadocorticoids

Question 11

Addison’s disease/hypoadrenalism causes

Answer 11

Autoimmune adrenalitis, certain infections, adrenal trauma

Question 12

Addison’s disease/hypoadrenalism patho S+S

Answer 12

• Fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Weight loss
• Nausea and vomiting
• Decrease Na+ and increase K+
  = hypovolemia and hypotension
• Hypoglycemia
• Hyperpigmentation of skin

Question 13

Addison’s/ adrenal crisis (life threatening)

Answer 13

Hypovolemia shock + severe hypoglycemia

Question 14

Addison’s/ adrenal crisis management

Answer 14

Hormone supplementation