Endocrine

Question 1

Exocrine Glands

Answer 1

Secretes chemicals to eliminate things from the body.

Question 2

Endocrine Glands

Answer 2

Secretes chemicals to be used inside the body. These chemicals go straight into nearby tissues and blood vessels.

Question 3

Pituitary Gland

Answer 3

The “Master” gland of the body. Splits into anterior and posterior. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin vessel.

Question 4

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 4

Secretes:
(GH) Growth Hormone
(PRL) Prolactin
(TSH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

(FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone
(LH) Luteinizing Hormone

Question 5

(GH) Growth Hormone

Answer 5

• Promotes growth by stimulating the liver to release growth factors by accelerating amino acid transport into cells

Question 6

(PRL) Prolactin

Answer 6

• Promotes development of breasts during pregnancy
• Stimulates secretion of milk to mammary glands

Question 7

(TSH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Answer 7

• Causes the thyroid gland to release its hormones
• Promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid gland

Question 8

(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Answer 8

• Causes release of adrenal cortex hormones
• Growth and development of the adrenal cortex

Question 9

(FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone

Answer 9

Females:
- Secretion of estrogen
- Promotes maturity of follicles in the ovaries

Males:
- Production of sperm
- Development of the seminiferous tubules of the testes

Question 10

(LH) Luteinizing Hormone

Answer 10

Females:
- Secretion of estrogen and progesterone
- Formation of corpus luteum in the tissue when a follicle ruptures
- Supports (FSH)

Males:
- Secretion of testosterone
- Stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop

Question 11

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 11

Secretes:
(ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone
(OT) Oxytocin

Question 12

(ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone

Answer 12

• Helps control blood pressure by acting on the blood vessels and kidneys
• Conserves the amount of fluid volume in the body by reducing the amount of water being released

Question 13

(OT) Oxytocin

Answer 13

• Contraction of the uterus
• Ejection of milk from the breasts

Question 14

Pineal Gland

Answer 14

Small cone shaped gland in the deep center of the brain.
Part of both endocrine and nervous system
Functions as a biological clock.

Secretes melatonin

Question 15

Thyroid Gland

Answer 15

Two lobes on either sides of the trachea.
Influences metabolism, growth and development, and body temperature.

Secretes the thyroid hormones:
Thyroxin (growth)
Calcitonin (calcium inhibitor)

Question 16

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 16

Posterior sides of the thyroid gland.

Secretes parathyroid hormone which antagonizes calcitonin - acts on bones and kidney to release more calcium into the blood.

Question 17

Adrenal Gland

Answer 17

On top of the kidneys.

Regulates blood pressure, metabolism, immune system and stress response.

Split into adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

Question 18

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 18

The outer part of the adrenal gland.

Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance.

Secretes cortisol and aldosterone.

Question 19

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 19

The inner part of the adrenal gland.

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress (fight or flight).

Question 20

Pancreas

Answer 20

Posterior abdomen.

Exocrine properties (95%): Releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum
Endocrine properties (5%): Releases hormones into the blood

Question 21

Acinar Cells (Exocrine)

Answer 21

Produces and transports digestive enzymes of the pancreas into the pancreatic duct and then the duodenum to aid in digestion.

Question 22

Islets of Langerhans (Endocrine)

Answer 22

A cells - Glucagon: Releases stored glucose from the liver

B cells - Insulin: Regulates carb, fat and protein metabolism

Question 23

Testes

Answer 23

Releases testosterone.

Question 24

Testosterone

Answer 24

Gives male characteristics and sperm production.

Question 25

Ovaries

Answer 25

Releases estrogen and progesterone.

Question 26

Estrogen

Answer 26

Gives female characteristics and aid other hormones during pregnancy.

Question 27

Progesterone

Answer 27

Maintains the lining of the uterus and controls the menstruation cycle.

Question 28

Steroid Hormones

Answer 28

Easily pass through cell membranes. Lipid soluble.

Question 29

Non-steroid Hormones

Answer 29

Most hormones are non-steroid. Difficult to pass through cell membrane - so they activate on the cell wall's receptors.

Question 30

Retinopathy

Answer 30

Microaneurysms in the retina caused by diabetes

Question 31

Neuropathy

Answer 31

Peripheral nerve damage or desensitization of distal limbs. High blood glucose allows bacteria to build and cause necrosis or increased healing time.

Question 32

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Answer 32

>16mmol/L Thirst, hunger High urine output and vomiting Kussmaul's Breathing Fruity breath Saline bolus, manage airway

Question 33

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Nonketotic States

Answer 33

>33mmol/L - Typically type 2 diabetes Dehydration Similar to DKA Altered mental status Saline bolus, manage airway

Question 34

Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease)

Answer 34

Destruction of at least 90% of the adrenal cortex inhibiting steroid hormones from releasing. Normal life expectancy when treated. Pigmentation of the skin and unexplained weight loss.