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PCP > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secretes chemicals to eliminate things from the body.

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secretes chemicals to be used inside the body. These chemicals go straight into nearby tissues and blood vessels.

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3
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The “Master” gland of the body. Splits into anterior and posterior. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin vessel.

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4
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

Secretes:
(GH) Growth Hormone
(PRL) Prolactin
(TSH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

(FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone
(LH) Luteinizing Hormone

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5
Q

(GH) Growth Hormone

A
  • Promotes growth by stimulating the liver to release growth factors by accelerating amino acid transport into cells
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6
Q

(PRL) Prolactin

A
  • Promotes development of breasts during pregnancy
  • Stimulates secretion of milk to mammary glands
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7
Q

(TSH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A
  • Causes the thyroid gland to release its hormones
  • Promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid gland
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8
Q

(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

A
  • Causes release of adrenal cortex hormones
  • Growth and development of the adrenal cortex
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9
Q

(FSH) Follicle-stimulating Hormone

A

Females:
- Secretion of estrogen
- Promotes maturity of follicles in the ovaries

Males:
- Production of sperm
- Development of the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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10
Q

(LH) Luteinizing Hormone

A

Females:
- Secretion of estrogen and progesterone
- Formation of corpus luteum in the tissue when a follicle ruptures
- Supports (FSH)

Males:
- Secretion of testosterone
- Stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop

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11
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Secretes:
(ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone
(OT) Oxytocin

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12
Q

(ADH) Antidiuretic Hormone

A
  • Helps control blood pressure by acting on the blood vessels and kidneys
  • Conserves the amount of fluid volume in the body by reducing the amount of water being released
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13
Q

(OT) Oxytocin

A
  • Contraction of the uterus
  • Ejection of milk from the breasts
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14
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Small cone shaped gland in the deep center of the brain.
Part of both endocrine and nervous system
Functions as a biological clock.

Secretes melatonin

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15
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Two lobes on either sides of the trachea.
Influences metabolism, growth and development, and body temperature.

Secretes the thyroid hormones:
Thyroxin (growth)
Calcitonin (calcium inhibitor)

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16
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

Posterior sides of the thyroid gland.

Secretes parathyroid hormone which antagonizes calcitonin - acts on bones and kidney to release more calcium into the blood.

17
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

On top of the kidneys.

Regulates blood pressure, metabolism, immune system and stress response.

Split into adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

18
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

The outer part of the adrenal gland.

Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance.

Secretes cortisol and aldosterone.

19
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

The inner part of the adrenal gland.

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress (fight or flight).

20
Q

Pancreas

A

Posterior abdomen.

Exocrine properties (95%): Releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum
Endocrine properties (5%): Releases hormones into the blood

21
Q

Acinar Cells (Exocrine)

A

Produces and transports digestive enzymes of the pancreas into the pancreatic duct and then the duodenum to aid in digestion.

22
Q

Islets of Langerhans (Endocrine)

A

A cells - Glucagon: Releases stored glucose from the liver

B cells - Insulin: Regulates carb, fat and protein metabolism

23
Q

Testes

A

Releases testosterone.

24
Q

Testosterone

A

Gives male characteristics and sperm production.

25
Q

Ovaries

A

Releases estrogen and progesterone.

26
Q

Estrogen

A

Gives female characteristics and aid other hormones during pregnancy.

27
Q

Progesterone

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus and controls the menstruation cycle.

28
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Easily pass through cell membranes. Lipid soluble.

29
Q

Non-steroid Hormones

A

Most hormones are non-steroid. Difficult to pass through cell membrane - so they activate on the cell wall’s receptors.

30
Q

Retinopathy

A

Microaneurysms in the retina caused by diabetes

31
Q

Neuropathy

A

Peripheral nerve damage or desensitization of distal limbs. High blood glucose allows bacteria to build and cause necrosis or increased healing time.

32
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

> 16mmol/L

Thirst, hunger
High urine output and vomiting
Kussmaul’s Breathing
Fruity breath

Saline bolus, manage airway

33
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia Nonketotic States

A

> 33mmol/L - Typically type 2 diabetes

Dehydration
Similar to DKA
Altered mental status

Saline bolus, manage airway

34
Q

Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)

A

Destruction of at least 90% of the adrenal cortex inhibiting steroid hormones from releasing. Normal life expectancy when treated.

Pigmentation of the skin and unexplained weight loss.

PCP (14 decks)

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