Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCP > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Palatine Bone

A

Eye bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lacrimal Bone

A

Eye to Nose bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mandible

A

Front of face bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mandible

A

Jaw bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

VOMER

A

tip of nose bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Lines the thoracic cavity and contains nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Lines the lungs and does not contain nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pleural Space

A

space between parietal and visceral pleura, contains fluid to prevent friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleura which can cause significant pain with respiration, common in smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acute Respiratory Failure

A

a condition where respirations are inadequate, many causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS)

A

massive inflammation of the alveoli and structures of the respiratory zone

Caused by:
-Sepsis (severe system infection)
-Traumatic injuries to the chest
-Pneumonia
-Inhalation of toxic substances or fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aspiration

A

Wheezes or crackles in lungs from fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

A

a group of progressive lung diseases (emphysema and chronic bronchitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Emphysema

A

Emphysema slowly destroys the alveoli, which interferes with outward air flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, which allows mucus to build up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hyperventilation syndrome

A

Dyspnea
A sense of terror
By symptoms of chest pain
Paresthesia’s (numbness of the extremities)
Carpal Pedal tetany (or stiffness of the hands and feet)
Presyncope or syncope (fainting)
Clear lung sounds
No cyanotic lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs

Viral infection
Bacterial infection such as pneumonia
Heart failure
Pulmonary embolism
Cirrhosis of the Liver
Cancer
Kidney disease
Lupus and connective tissue diseases

pleural friction rub
Chest pain
Dry, nonproductive cough
Dyspnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pneumonia

A

infection of the alveoli

Chest pain when you breathe or cough
Cough, which may produce green or rust colored phlegm
Fatigue
Fever, sweating and shaking chills

Viral: Throughout
Bacterial: one lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

fluid in the alveoli

congestive heart failure
Heart attack, or other heart diseases
Leaking, narrowed, or damaged heart valves
Sudden high blood pressure

Wheezing and crackles on chest auscultation
Frothy white or pink tinged sputum
Difficulty breathing while supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pulmonary embolism (the great imitator)

A

Clot in lungs

Sudden shortness of breath
Chest pain
Pneumonia wheezes/crackles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Asthma

A

wheezing on expiration
Prolonged expiratory phase
Unable to speak in full sentences
a tight chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Endocardium

A

Lines the hearts chambers and valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick middle layer
Muscle layers enables heart contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pericardium

A

Outmost layer of the heart
Protective sac surrounding the heart

Visceral pericardium/epicardium which is in contact with the heart
Parietal pericardium an outer fibrous layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid
Mitral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Semi-lunar Valves

A

Pulmonary
Aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Spleen

A

blood filter by controlling the amount of red blood cells and blood storage in the body. It also helps to fight infection.

Spleen/lymph nodes detect, make lymphocytes (WBC), they create antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Vascular Disease

A

Vascular diseases range from problems with your arteries, veins, and vessels that carry lymph to disorders that affect how your blood flows.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ischemia

A

lack of oxygen in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls

High blood pressure
High cholesterol
High triglycerides, a type of fat (lipid) in your blood
Smoking and other sources of tobacco
Insulin resistance, obesity or diabetes
Inflammation from diseases, such as arthritis, lupus or infections, or inflammation of unknown cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Aneurysm

A

bulge in the side of a blood vessel, weakening in the wall of an artery may be caused by genetic factors or by disease.

pain at the site, and signs and symptoms of shock, you may even feel a pulsating mass in some abdominal aortic aneurysms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood presure above 130 consistently - can cause heart disease, stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack, death of heart muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

stable angina

A

brought on by exercising, result of moderate atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

unstable angina

A

Brought on anytime, relaxing, sleeping. No effect with medication or rest. Severe athersclerosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium. Viral, bacterial, fungal, can damage valves - leaks blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of the myocardium or heart muscle. Commonly viral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Pericarditis

A

inflammation of the sac that surrounds your heart. Usually viral.
Incredibly painful especially with breathing - feels like angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

decreased ability to pump blood.
left ventricle is enlarged, dilated and weak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

It causes thickening of the heart muscle (septum usually), left ventricular stiffness, mitral valve changes and cellular changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Pericardial tamponade

A

blood or fluids fill the space between the sac that encases the heart and the heart muscle
great deal of blood or fluid present and this prevents the heart from expanding and filling

result of penetration of the pericardium

Beck’s triad : low blood pressure. muffled heart sounds. swollen or bulging neck veins, called distended veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Lymph

A

a watery solution that contains white blood cells but does not contain any red blood cells.
too big to pass through capillaries to main blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves everywhere else

-Somatic (voluntary)
-Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Astrocytes

A

support, regulate ions

46
Q

Microglial cells

A

immune defense in brain and spinal cord

47
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line cavities in brain and spinal cord, also help create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid that fills the cavities

48
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

wrap and insulate neurons to form myelin sheath

49
Q

Meninges

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater

50
Q

Simple febrile seizures

A

most common and last from a few seconds to 15 minutes, once in 24h

51
Q

Complex febrile seizures

A

longer than 15 minutes, occur more than once within 24 hours or are confined to one side of the child’s body

52
Q

petit mal (absence) seizure

A

stop moving and stare in one direction for 15 seconds or less

53
Q

Atonic Seizures

A

sudden decrease in muscle tone, causing a person’s body to go limp, slump or collapse, possibly causing injury

54
Q

Myoclonic Seizures

A

jolted with electricity, can be very harmful

55
Q

grand mal seizure

A

aura - tonic + clonic - postictal

56
Q

Simple Partial seizure

A

One sided seizure, retained consciousness

57
Q

complex partial seizure

A

one side of brain seizure, loss of awareness

58
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

TIA happens before about 12 percent of all strokes
About 9 to 17 percent of patients who have a TIA have a stroke within 90 days

59
Q

Hemorrhagic strokes

A

These strokes are really just aneurysms and can be caused by a weakening of the blood vessel walls

60
Q

Meningitis

A

Seizures
Sleepiness or difficulty waking
Sensitivity to light
No appetite or thirst
Sudden high fever
Stiff neck
Severe headache that seems different from normal

61
Q

Migraine

A

usually on one side of the head

Pain usually on one side of your head, but often on both sides
Pain that throbs or pulses
Sensitivity to light, sound, and sometimes smell and touch
Nausea and vomiting

62
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

blunt trauma to the head, typically the temporal
damage to the middle meningeal artery causing arterial bleeding

sudden loss of consciousness, regained, then coma

Enlarged pupil in one eye
Headache (severe)

63
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

Commonly subdural hemorrhage occurs after a vessel traversing between the brain and skull is stretched, broken, or torn and begins to bleed into the subdural space.
Venous, slow moving bleed.

Ataxia (balance, walking)

64
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

sensitivity to light (photophobia)
blurred or double vision.
stroke-like symptoms
sudden severe headache

65
Q

HPA Axis

A

3 glands that regulate a lot of the body’s daily processes (digestion, sexuality, immune response, and the way stress is handled)
Fight of flight response

66
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon, under thalamus
Acts as a connection between nervous system and endocrine system

Nerves to posterior pituitary gland

Hormones to anterior pituitary gland

67
Q

Pituitary gland

A

pea sized

Posterior – responds to the nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
Anterior – responds to hypothalamic hormones

Produces many hormones that signal other glands to make their own hormones

68
Q

Thymus

A

Pink lobulated lymphoid organ located in the thoracic cavity and neck

Produces progenitor cells which mature into T-cells

69
Q

Pancreas

A

regulates blood sugar levels

Insulin is released by beta cells (if too much sugar)
Glucagon is released by alpha cells (if too little sugar)

70
Q

Adrenal glands

A

regulating sodium retention, blood pressure, fluid volume, immune system, metabolism and behavior (fight or flight)
adrenaline, noradrenaline

71
Q

Pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin
Regulates the circadian rhythm

72
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

caused by hypoventilation

Airflow obstruction possibly due to asthma, COPD, sleep apnea, airway edema

73
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

breathe too quickly and remove too much carbon dioxide or CO2

(BVM too fast can cause this too)

74
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

most common disorder seen, mostly caused by shock

Diabetic acidosis
Hyperchloremic acidosis (diarrhea caused)
Kidney disease (retention of acid)
Lactic acidosis (converts carbs when O2 flow is insufficient) *shock, heart disease
Poisoning by aspirin
Severe dehydration

75
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

consuming excessive amount of:

antacids, baking soda, laxatives, steroids

76
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

when your pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to control the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your blood.

77
Q

polymers (4)

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

78
Q

Monomers

A

Sugars
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides

79
Q

Alimentary Canal / Gastrointestinal Tract

A

mouth to anus

4 tissue layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa

80
Q

Mucosa layer

A

inner most layer
Contains connective tissue to supply blood

81
Q

Submucosal layer

A

2nd inner layer

provides elasticity for when large quantities pass through

82
Q

Muscularis layer

A

outside layer
Contains muscles needed to pass food along the tube

83
Q

Serosa (layer)

A

superficial to the muscularis

Only found in the abdominal cavity

84
Q

Small intestines

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

85
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagus
caused by serious liver disease
blockage of blood to liver - takes different route, smaller arteries

Vomiting large amounts of blood
Black, tarry or bloody stools
Shock

86
Q

Esophagitis

A

inflammation that may damage tissues of the esophagus

stomach acids, infection, oral medications and allergies

87
Q

Gastritis

A

irritated stomach lining

Stomach upset or pain
Belching and hiccups
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Blood in the vomit or stool

88
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

A

Heartburn, usually after eating, which might be worse at night
Chest pain
Difficulty swallowing
Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
Sensation of a lump in the throat

89
Q

bowel obstruction

A

intestinal obstruction that form after
surgery;
hernias;
colon cancer;
certain medications;
strictures from an inflamed intestine (crohns)

Can’t pass gas
Lack of appetite
Nausea or vomiting
A hard, swollen belly

90
Q

Peptic Ulcer (disease)

A

Painful sores or ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

Frequent use of NSAIDs,
Regularly drinking alcohol.
Smoking.

Dull pain in the stomach
Burping or acid reflux
Pain that may improve with food, drink or antacids
Anemia
Bloody vomit, tarry stools

91
Q

Cirrhosis

A

a late stage of fibrosis (scarring) of the liver from hepatitis / chronic alcoholism.

no signs or symptoms until liver damage is extensive

Jaundice (yellow discoloration in the skin and eyes)
Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen)
Spiderlike blood vessels of the skin
Redness in the palms of the hands

For women, absent or loss of periods not related to menopause
For men, loss of sex drive, breast enlargement (gynecomastia) or testicular atrophy
Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy)

92
Q

Hepatitis A

A

acute, short term viral illness caused by feces-contaminated food/water

93
Q

Hepatitis B+D

A

transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, vaginal secretions, or semen

D cannot multiply without B

Very uncommon in North America

94
Q

Hepatitis C

A

Direct contact with infected body fluids - injected drug use and sexual contact

95
Q

Hepatitis E

A

waterborne disease - fecal matter contamination, in poorer countries

96
Q

Cholecystitis / Biliary Colic

A

gallbladder stones
sudden onset of intense right upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the shoulder
steady pain, up to 3 hours
abdominal distension residuals

97
Q

Pancreatitis

A

digestive enzymes become activated while still in the pancreas

symptoms similiar to gallbladder disease

Upper abdominal pain
Losing weight without trying
Oily, smelly stools (steatorrhea)

98
Q

Appendicitis

A

lower right abdomen
appendicitis pain typically increases and eventually becomes severe

99
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Small, bulging pouches (diverticula) lining the colon become inflamed

severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea and a marked change in bowel habits

100
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever

dangerous for infants and old

101
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

Crohn’s + Ulcerative Colitis

diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss

102
Q

Crohn’s

A

inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract

103
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Inflammation and ulcers in colon and rectum

104
Q

GI bleed

A

Vomiting red/black/tarry coffee grounds
Black, tarry stool
Rectal bleeding, usually in or with stool
Signs of shock

105
Q

Cushing’s Triad

A

High systolic BP (widening)
Bradycardia
Irregular respirations

106
Q

C1

A

Atlas - holds up the head

Injury here can cause quadraplegia (paralyzation) of the body or death

107
Q

C2

A

Axis - allows for head horizontal rotation

Injury here can cause quadriplegia (paralyzation) of the body or death

108
Q

C4

A

Injury here may cause:

quadriplegia
Loss of respiratory control
Loss of abdominal and intercostal muscles ability to cough/sneeze
bladder/bowel function issues

109
Q

C5

A

Injury here may cause:

trouble speaking or breathing
paralysis in torso and extremities (especially arms)

110
Q

C6 + 7

A

Injury here may cause:

Partial control of arms
Independent breathing but trouble coughing
lower torso and leg paralysis

PCP (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions