A&P Flashcards
1
Q
Palatine Bone
A
Eye bone
2
Q
Lacrimal Bone
A
Eye to Nose bone
3
Q
Mandible
A
Front of face bone
4
Q
Mandible
A
Jaw bone
5
Q
VOMER
A
tip of nose bone
6
Q
Parietal Pleura
A
Lines the thoracic cavity and contains nerve fibers
7
Q
Visceral Pleura
A
Lines the lungs and does not contain nerves
8
Q
Pleural Space
A
space between parietal and visceral pleura, contains fluid to prevent friction
9
Q
Pleurisy
A
inflammation of the pleura which can cause significant pain with respiration, common in smokers
10
Q
Acute Respiratory Failure
A
a condition where respirations are inadequate, many causes
11
Q
Acute respiratory disease syndrome (ARDS)
A
massive inflammation of the alveoli and structures of the respiratory zone
Caused by:
-Sepsis (severe system infection)
-Traumatic injuries to the chest
-Pneumonia
-Inhalation of toxic substances or fluid
12
Q
Aspiration
A
Wheezes or crackles in lungs from fluid
13
Q
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
A
a group of progressive lung diseases (emphysema and chronic bronchitis)
14
Q
Emphysema
A
Emphysema slowly destroys the alveoli, which interferes with outward air flow
15
Q
Chronic Bronchitis
A
inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, which allows mucus to build up
16
Q
Hyperventilation syndrome
A
Dyspnea
A sense of terror
By symptoms of chest pain
Paresthesia’s (numbness of the extremities)
Carpal Pedal tetany (or stiffness of the hands and feet)
Presyncope or syncope (fainting)
Clear lung sounds
No cyanotic lips
17
Q
Pleural Effusion
A
build-up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs
Viral infection
Bacterial infection such as pneumonia
Heart failure
Pulmonary embolism
Cirrhosis of the Liver
Cancer
Kidney disease
Lupus and connective tissue diseases
pleural friction rub
Chest pain
Dry, nonproductive cough
Dyspnea
18
Q
Pneumonia
A
infection of the alveoli
Chest pain when you breathe or cough
Cough, which may produce green or rust colored phlegm
Fatigue
Fever, sweating and shaking chills
Viral: Throughout
Bacterial: one lobe
19
Q
Pulmonary edema
A
fluid in the alveoli
congestive heart failure
Heart attack, or other heart diseases
Leaking, narrowed, or damaged heart valves
Sudden high blood pressure
Wheezing and crackles on chest auscultation
Frothy white or pink tinged sputum
Difficulty breathing while supine
20
Q
Pulmonary embolism (the great imitator)
A
Clot in lungs
Sudden shortness of breath
Chest pain
Pneumonia wheezes/crackles
21
Q
Asthma
A
wheezing on expiration
Prolonged expiratory phase
Unable to speak in full sentences
a tight chest
22
Q
Endocardium
A
Lines the hearts chambers and valves
23
Q
Myocardium
A
Thick middle layer
Muscle layers enables heart contractions
24
Q
Pericardium
A
Outmost layer of the heart
Protective sac surrounding the heart
Visceral pericardium/epicardium which is in contact with the heart
Parietal pericardium an outer fibrous layer
25
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid
Mitral
26
Semi-lunar Valves
Pulmonary
Aortic
27
Spleen
blood filter by controlling the amount of red blood cells and blood storage in the body. It also helps to fight infection.
Spleen/lymph nodes detect, make lymphocytes (WBC), they create antibodies.
28
Vascular Disease
Vascular diseases range from problems with your arteries, veins, and vessels that carry lymph to disorders that affect how your blood flows.
29
Ischemia
lack of oxygen in cells
30
Atherosclerosis
the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on your artery walls
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
High triglycerides, a type of fat (lipid) in your blood
Smoking and other sources of tobacco
Insulin resistance, obesity or diabetes
Inflammation from diseases, such as arthritis, lupus or infections, or inflammation of unknown cause
31
Aneurysm
bulge in the side of a blood vessel, weakening in the wall of an artery may be caused by genetic factors or by disease.
pain at the site, and signs and symptoms of shock, you may even feel a pulsating mass in some abdominal aortic aneurysms
32
Hypertension
high blood presure above 130 consistently - can cause heart disease, stroke
33
myocardial infarction
Heart attack, death of heart muscle
34
stable angina
brought on by exercising, result of moderate atherosclerosis
35
unstable angina
Brought on anytime, relaxing, sleeping. No effect with medication or rest. Severe athersclerosis.
36
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the endocardium. Viral, bacterial, fungal, can damage valves - leaks blood
37
Myocarditis
Inflammation of the myocardium or heart muscle. Commonly viral.
38
Pericarditis
inflammation of the sac that surrounds your heart. Usually viral.
Incredibly painful especially with breathing - feels like angina
39
Dilated cardiomyopathy
decreased ability to pump blood.
left ventricle is enlarged, dilated and weak
40
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
It causes thickening of the heart muscle (septum usually), left ventricular stiffness, mitral valve changes and cellular changes.
41
Pericardial tamponade
blood or fluids fill the space between the sac that encases the heart and the heart muscle
great deal of blood or fluid present and this prevents the heart from expanding and filling
result of penetration of the pericardium
Beck's triad : low blood pressure. muffled heart sounds. swollen or bulging neck veins, called distended veins
42
Lymph
a watery solution that contains white blood cells but does not contain any red blood cells.
too big to pass through capillaries to main blood stream
43
Central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
44
peripheral nervous system
nerves everywhere else
-Somatic (voluntary)
-Autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
45
Astrocytes
support, regulate ions
46
Microglial cells
immune defense in brain and spinal cord
47
Ependymal cells
line cavities in brain and spinal cord, also help create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid that fills the cavities
48
Oligodendrocytes
wrap and insulate neurons to form myelin sheath
49
Meninges
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Membrane, Pia Mater
50
Simple febrile seizures
most common and last from a few seconds to 15 minutes, once in 24h
51
Complex febrile seizures
longer than 15 minutes, occur more than once within 24 hours or are confined to one side of the child's body
52
petit mal (absence) seizure
stop moving and stare in one direction for 15 seconds or less
53
Atonic Seizures
sudden decrease in muscle tone, causing a person’s body to go limp, slump or collapse, possibly causing injury
54
Myoclonic Seizures
jolted with electricity, can be very harmful
55
grand mal seizure
aura - tonic + clonic - postictal
56
Simple Partial seizure
One sided seizure, retained consciousness
57
complex partial seizure
one side of brain seizure, loss of awareness
58
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
TIA happens before about 12 percent of all strokes
About 9 to 17 percent of patients who have a TIA have a stroke within 90 days
59
Hemorrhagic strokes
These strokes are really just aneurysms and can be caused by a weakening of the blood vessel walls
60
Meningitis
Seizures
Sleepiness or difficulty waking
Sensitivity to light
No appetite or thirst
Sudden high fever
Stiff neck
Severe headache that seems different from normal
61
Migraine
usually on one side of the head
Pain usually on one side of your head, but often on both sides
Pain that throbs or pulses
Sensitivity to light, sound, and sometimes smell and touch
Nausea and vomiting
62
Epidural Hematoma
blunt trauma to the head, typically the temporal
damage to the middle meningeal artery causing arterial bleeding
sudden loss of consciousness, regained, then coma
Enlarged pupil in one eye
Headache (severe)
63
Subdural Hematoma
Commonly subdural hemorrhage occurs after a vessel traversing between the brain and skull is stretched, broken, or torn and begins to bleed into the subdural space.
Venous, slow moving bleed.
Ataxia (balance, walking)
64
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
sensitivity to light (photophobia)
blurred or double vision.
stroke-like symptoms
sudden severe headache
65
HPA Axis
3 glands that regulate a lot of the body’s daily processes (digestion, sexuality, immune response, and the way stress is handled)
Fight of flight response
66
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon, under thalamus
Acts as a connection between nervous system and endocrine system
Nerves to posterior pituitary gland
Hormones to anterior pituitary gland
67
Pituitary gland
pea sized
Posterior – responds to the nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
Anterior – responds to hypothalamic hormones
Produces many hormones that signal other glands to make their own hormones
68
Thymus
Pink lobulated lymphoid organ located in the thoracic cavity and neck
Produces progenitor cells which mature into T-cells
69
Pancreas
regulates blood sugar levels
Insulin is released by beta cells (if too much sugar)
Glucagon is released by alpha cells (if too little sugar)
70
Adrenal glands
regulating sodium retention, blood pressure, fluid volume, immune system, metabolism and behavior (fight or flight)
adrenaline, noradrenaline
71
Pineal gland
Produces melatonin
Regulates the circadian rhythm
72
respiratory acidosis
caused by hypoventilation
Airflow obstruction possibly due to asthma, COPD, sleep apnea, airway edema
73
respiratory alkalosis
breathe too quickly and remove too much carbon dioxide or CO2
(BVM too fast can cause this too)
74
Metabolic acidosis
most common disorder seen, mostly caused by shock
Diabetic acidosis
Hyperchloremic acidosis (diarrhea caused)
Kidney disease (retention of acid)
Lactic acidosis (converts carbs when O2 flow is insufficient) *shock, heart disease
Poisoning by aspirin
Severe dehydration
75
metabolic alkalosis
consuming excessive amount of:
antacids, baking soda, laxatives, steroids
76
Diabetes Mellitus
when your pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to control the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your blood.
77
polymers (4)
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
78
Monomers
Sugars
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
79
Alimentary Canal / Gastrointestinal Tract
mouth to anus
4 tissue layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa
80
Mucosa layer
inner most layer
Contains connective tissue to supply blood
81
Submucosal layer
2nd inner layer
provides elasticity for when large quantities pass through
82
Muscularis layer
outside layer
Contains muscles needed to pass food along the tube
83
Serosa (layer)
superficial to the muscularis
Only found in the abdominal cavity
84
Small intestines
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
85
Esophageal Varices
abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagus
caused by serious liver disease
blockage of blood to liver - takes different route, smaller arteries
Vomiting large amounts of blood
Black, tarry or bloody stools
Shock
86
Esophagitis
inflammation that may damage tissues of the esophagus
stomach acids, infection, oral medications and allergies
87
Gastritis
irritated stomach lining
Stomach upset or pain
Belching and hiccups
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Blood in the vomit or stool
88
Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
Heartburn, usually after eating, which might be worse at night
Chest pain
Difficulty swallowing
Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
Sensation of a lump in the throat
89
bowel obstruction
intestinal obstruction that form after
surgery;
hernias;
colon cancer;
certain medications;
strictures from an inflamed intestine (crohns)
Can’t pass gas
Lack of appetite
Nausea or vomiting
A hard, swollen belly
90
Peptic Ulcer (disease)
Painful sores or ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Frequent use of NSAIDs,
Regularly drinking alcohol.
Smoking.
Dull pain in the stomach
Burping or acid reflux
Pain that may improve with food, drink or antacids
Anemia
Bloody vomit, tarry stools
91
Cirrhosis
a late stage of fibrosis (scarring) of the liver from hepatitis / chronic alcoholism.
no signs or symptoms until liver damage is extensive
Jaundice (yellow discoloration in the skin and eyes)
Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen)
Spiderlike blood vessels of the skin
Redness in the palms of the hands
For women, absent or loss of periods not related to menopause
For men, loss of sex drive, breast enlargement (gynecomastia) or testicular atrophy
Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy)
92
Hepatitis A
acute, short term viral illness caused by feces-contaminated food/water
93
Hepatitis B+D
transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, vaginal secretions, or semen
D cannot multiply without B
Very uncommon in North America
94
Hepatitis C
Direct contact with infected body fluids - injected drug use and sexual contact
95
Hepatitis E
waterborne disease - fecal matter contamination, in poorer countries
96
Cholecystitis / Biliary Colic
gallbladder stones
sudden onset of intense right upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the shoulder
steady pain, up to 3 hours
abdominal distension residuals
97
Pancreatitis
digestive enzymes become activated while still in the pancreas
symptoms similiar to gallbladder disease
Upper abdominal pain
Losing weight without trying
Oily, smelly stools (steatorrhea)
98
Appendicitis
lower right abdomen
appendicitis pain typically increases and eventually becomes severe
99
Diverticulitis
Small, bulging pouches (diverticula) lining the colon become inflamed
severe abdominal pain, fever, nausea and a marked change in bowel habits
100
Gastroenteritis
watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea or vomiting, and sometimes fever
dangerous for infants and old
101
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Crohn's + Ulcerative Colitis
diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fatigue and weight loss
102
Crohn's
inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract
103
Ulcerative Colitis
Inflammation and ulcers in colon and rectum
104
GI bleed
Vomiting red/black/tarry coffee grounds
Black, tarry stool
Rectal bleeding, usually in or with stool
Signs of shock
105
Cushing's Triad
High systolic BP (widening)
Bradycardia
Irregular respirations
106
C1
Atlas - holds up the head
Injury here can cause quadraplegia (paralyzation) of the body or death
107
C2
Axis - allows for head horizontal rotation
Injury here can cause quadriplegia (paralyzation) of the body or death
108
C4
Injury here may cause:
quadriplegia
Loss of respiratory control
Loss of abdominal and intercostal muscles ability to cough/sneeze
bladder/bowel function issues
109
C5
Injury here may cause:
trouble speaking or breathing
paralysis in torso and extremities (especially arms)
110
C6 + 7
Injury here may cause:
Partial control of arms
Independent breathing but trouble coughing
lower torso and leg paralysis
