Cardiac

Question 1

Lumen

Answer 1

The space in the vessel

Question 2

Tunica Adventitia

Answer 2

Outer-most layer of the vessel. Provides durability against high pressure.

Question 3

Tunica Media

Answer 3

The middle layer of the vessel. Provides elasticity and muscle for constriction/dilation.

Question 4

Tunica Intima

Answer 4

Inner-most layer of the vessel. 1 cell thick.

Question 5

Cardiac Output

Answer 5

Amount of fluid pumped by each ventricle (usually about the same).
5-6L/min is typical.

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume (60-100ml) x Heart Rate (60-100/min)

Question 6

Pre-load

Answer 6

The pressure from the amount of fluid that enters the ventricle and stretches it. Higher volume and stretch = higher cardiac output during ventricular contraction.

Question 7

Afterload

Answer 7

The pressure detected in the aorta as the heart pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Question 8

Sinoatrial Node

Answer 8

The pacemaker of the heart located near the superior vena cava. Right coronary arteries fuel the SA node, and if the artery becomes occluded, this can cause an MI and subsequent ischemia.

Question 9

Atrial Kick

Answer 9

The contraction of the atria to push the remaining 30% of blood to the ventricles (70% of blood that moves from atria to ventricle is through gravity).

Question 10

Atrioventricular Node

Answer 10

Gatekeeper to the ventricles. Electrical impulses are sent from the SA node 0.12s later to allow the ventricle to fill.

Question 11

Depolarization

Answer 11

The process in which muscle fibers are stimulated to contract.

The myocardial cells receive a stimulus and open up a channel to depolarize the polarized (resting) cell by allowing sodium+ to rush in.
Calcium+ also enters, but slower, and keeps it depolarized. With the help of calcium, the cell fully depolarizes and contraction is stimulated.

1. The polarized (resting) myocardial cell is stimulated and opens up channels.
2. Sodium+ rushes in, and Calcium+ enters slower, depolarizing the cell.
3. As the cell fully depolarizes, calcium ions help stimulate the contraction.

Question 12

Repolarization

Answer 12

The process in which muscle fibers repolarize so they can be prepared to contract once again.

1. Sodium and calcium channels close, stopping flow of + ions
2. Potassium+ that were inside the cell, escape through their channel to recreate a negative charge.
3. Sodium+ is pushed out (3), and Potassium+ re-enters (2) into their respective location [Sodium-Potassium Pump]

Question 13

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Answer 13

A repolarizing pump of the myocardial cells. The ATP uses active transport to move against the natural gradient, moving 3 sodium+ out of the cell, and 2 potassium+ back into the cell.

Question 14

Chronotropes

Answer 14

Affects heart rate

Question 15

Dromotropes

Answer 15

Affects rate of electrical conduction in the heart’s nodes

Question 16

Inotropes

Answer 16

Affects the amount of force used in contractions

Question 17

Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 17

The process in which ATP is fueled with carbohydrates because oxygen is not present

Question 18

Ischemia

Answer 18

Lack of tissue perfusion (reversible)

Question 19

Infarction

Answer 19

Death of tissue cells due to ischemia (irreversible)

Question 20

Necrosis

Answer 20

Premature death of cells due to disease, trauma, other conditions

Question 21

Absolute Refractory Period

Answer 21

The cell is depolarized completely and will not initiate a new cycle

Question 22

Relative Refractory Period

Answer 22

The cell is partially depolarized and should not initiate a new cycle, but it’s possible

Question 23

Alpha Drug/Receptor

Answer 23

Arteries constrict, lungs mildly constrict.

Question 24

Beta 1 Drug/Receptor

Answer 24

Affects heart through : chronotropes, dromotropes, and inotropes.

Question 25

Beta 2 Drug/Receptor

Answer 25

Arteries dilate, lungs dilate.

Question 26

Atherosclerosis

Answer 26

Buildup of fat material in the artery wall. Causes diseases either gradually or acutely (such as plaque rupture/thrombus).

Question 27

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Answer 27

Affects perfusion of the peripheral body parts. Can cause ischemia to limbs, form thrombi, and cause an embolus elsewhere (thromboembolism).

Question 28

Stable Angina

Answer 28

Chest pain caused by mild atherosclerosis, exacerbated by exercising or other HR/BP raising activities. Disappears after resting.

Question 29

Unstable Angina

Answer 29

Chest pain caused by moderate to severe atherosclerosis. Onset can occur during rest. Lasts more than 15 minutes. (Treat as an MI)

Question 30

Left-sided Heart Failure

Answer 30

Pulmonary edema, crackles.

Question 31

Right-sided Heart Failure

Answer 31

Pedal edema, jugular vein distention.

Question 32

Sinus Rhythm

Answer 32

Normal rhythm

Question 33

Sinus Tachycardia

Answer 33

Normal rhythm, faster than 100bpm

Question 34

Sinus Bradycardia

Answer 34

Normal rhythm, slower than 60bpm

Question 35

Atrial Fibrillation

Answer 35

QRS Irregularly irregular rhythm, >100bpm

Question 36

Atrial Flutter

Answer 36

2:1 / 3:1 / 4:1 blocks
P wave present but abnormal

Question 37

Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia

Answer 37

Irregularly irregular rhythm, >100bpm

Question 38

1st Degree Block

Answer 38

PR interval >0.2s

Question 39

2nd Degree Block (Type 1)

Answer 39

Regularly irregular rhythm. PR interval gradually widens until it resets.

Question 40

2nd Degree Block (Type 2)

Answer 40

Regularly irregular rhythm. PR interval normal ‘when present’ (SA fires at AV, only some go through).

Question 41

3rd Degree Block

Answer 41

SA and AV nodes perform independently and are uncoordinated between each other.

Question 42

Asystole

Answer 42

Flat line. Can be a bit wavy, but slow.