endocrine Flashcards
what cardiac rhythm do you get with hypothyroid?
bradycardia
what does the endocrine system do?
it makes hormones (signalers for the body)
what is graves disease?
hyperthyroidism immune system
Thyroid
regulates the metabolism
exophthalmos
also known as proptosis, is the medical term for bulging or protruding eyeballs
sign of hyperthyroidism
what does thyroid need to function?
iodine
what is a thyroid storm?
- acute excessive release of T3 and T4.
- this can happen with:
(injection of iodine, excessive release of TSH, infection of the thyroid) - sinus tach or a-flutter (more commons)
what is TSH and where is it?
thyroid stimulating hormone found in the pituitary gland.
what is a way to treat a thyroid storm?
beta blocker (divinity care)
for us:
- fluid
- benzo to help calm down
- put on the monitor
alopecia
loss of hair (non specific, it can be from anywhere)
where does insulin come from?
pancreas (beta cells, The islets of Langerhans)
normal sugar level?
60-100
at what level does the glucose level have to be that the kidneys wont reabsorb?
250
what is it called when glucose pulls water out of the distal convoluted tubules, making us pee it out?
osmotic dieresis
what is a major sign that someone can be hyperglycemic?
abdominal pain
vital signs and SS with DKA?
no major increase in heart rate no major change or stand out sign in BP Breathing Fast (kussmaul breathing, hyperpnea) Ketone Smell Stomach Pain Glucose level (300-400) polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Treatment for DKA
- IV
- Fluids
- 12-lead (looking for Hyperkalemia)
- treat when the QRS widening
why can someone with type 1 diabetics by hypo glycemic?
- too much insulin
- overexert (more need of glucose)
- sick or infection
test that sees if you have Type 2 diabetes?
A1C (glycose to hemoglobine)
should be under 6 (1-5)
Sulfonyurea
Stimulate pancreas for additional insulin release
TZD’s
Dec. body’s insulin resistance
Biguanides
Slows release of glucose from liver
SGLT2
Helps us pee out glucose at lower levels
what does the hypothalamus do?
middle man of the nervous system and the endocrine system.
“Command and Control Center”
2 hormones that the hypothalamus secrete?
ADH (anti diabetic hormone)
Oxytocin (help with contractions of the uterus)
what is the pituitary gland?
“master gland”
help to control other glands.
what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland regulate?
sexual maturation
growth regulation
adrenal signals
thyroid (TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone)
ovaries and testes
prolactin (production of breast milk)
what does the posterior pituitary gland do?
it get the signal from the hypothalamus and signals release of ADH and Oxytocin.
what does TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) do?
stimulate the thyroid to release hormones.
what will happen if the pituitary gland is broken? (eg. there is a tumor)
the biggest thing that the anterior pituitary gland does is regulate the release of TSH, if this is not released then there can be a thyroid storm or thyroidtoxicosis.
there will be a massive release of T3 and T4. (this becomes unregulated)
what does the thymus responsible for?
this is majority regulates the immune system of a kid. As we get older, the thymus begins to atrophy (less used), it sits behind the sternum
What is the main role of the thyroid?
resting metabolism
Needs iodine to function (we get our main source of iodine from our salt that has the iodine added)
what two hormones does the thyroid release?
T3 and T4
what does the parathyroid help regulate?
the increase and regulation of calcium
how does the pituitary gland and the thyroid work together?
if the T3 or T4 levels are low, the pituitary gland will release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone).
Many thyroid test are actually looking at the TSH
- Low TSH = hyperthyroid (no need to release the TSH because the thyroid is pumping out T3 and T4 in a larger amount)
- high TSH = hypothyroidism (the thyroid is not responding to the TSH, so it keeps pumping that out, underproduction of thyroid)
What are some signs and symptoms of someone that has hyperthyroid?
- hypertensive
- tachycardia
- they always feel hot
- hyperactive
what is a sign and symptom of someone that has hypothyroid?
always feeling sleepy, sad, overweight, hair loss (allopecia = spotty hair loss, unspecific), always cold
Bradycardia, hypotensive (in sever cases)
What does T3 do?
Most potent of the thyroid hormones
increase metabolism of all cells (increase HR, generates heat, breaks down fats)
what does T4 do?
the most prevalent of the two thyroid hormones.
increase the metabolism of the cells
most of T4 converts to T3
what is myexedema?
most severe form of hypothyroidism.
unconscious/unresponsive
- pacing and pressers will speed up HR and boost pressure, but they wont wake up
what is Graves disease?
hyperthyroidism. immune system creates antibodies that attach to TSH and constantly stimulate T3 and T4.
what is the outer part of the kidney called?
the cortex
what hormone does the cortex create?
cortisol and aldosterone
what is the middle part of the kidney called, and what does it make?
medulla- it makes epi and nor epi
