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endocrine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what cardiac rhythm do you get with hypothyroid?

A

bradycardia

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2
Q

what does the endocrine system do?

A

it makes hormones (signalers for the body)

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3
Q

what is graves disease?

A

hyperthyroidism immune system

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4
Q

Thyroid

A

regulates the metabolism

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5
Q

exophthalmos

A

also known as proptosis, is the medical term for bulging or protruding eyeballs

sign of hyperthyroidism

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6
Q

what does thyroid need to function?

A

iodine

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7
Q

what is a thyroid storm?

A
  • acute excessive release of T3 and T4.
  • this can happen with:
    (injection of iodine, excessive release of TSH, infection of the thyroid)
  • sinus tach or a-flutter (more commons)
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8
Q

what is TSH and where is it?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone found in the pituitary gland.

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9
Q

what is a way to treat a thyroid storm?

A

beta blocker (divinity care)

for us:

  • fluid
  • benzo to help calm down
  • put on the monitor
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10
Q

alopecia

A

loss of hair (non specific, it can be from anywhere)

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11
Q

where does insulin come from?

A

pancreas (beta cells, The islets of Langerhans)

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12
Q

normal sugar level?

A

60-100

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13
Q

at what level does the glucose level have to be that the kidneys wont reabsorb?

A

250

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14
Q

what is it called when glucose pulls water out of the distal convoluted tubules, making us pee it out?

A

osmotic dieresis

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15
Q

what is a major sign that someone can be hyperglycemic?

A

abdominal pain

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16
Q

vital signs and SS with DKA?

A 
no major increase in heart rate
no major change or stand out sign in BP
Breathing Fast (kussmaul breathing, hyperpnea)
Ketone Smell 
Stomach Pain
Glucose level (300-400)
polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
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17
Q

Treatment for DKA

A
  • IV
  • Fluids
  • 12-lead (looking for Hyperkalemia)
  • treat when the QRS widening
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18
Q

why can someone with type 1 diabetics by hypo glycemic?

A
  • too much insulin
  • overexert (more need of glucose)
  • sick or infection
19
Q

test that sees if you have Type 2 diabetes?

A

A1C (glycose to hemoglobine)

should be under 6 (1-5)

20
Q

Sulfonyurea

A

Stimulate pancreas for additional insulin release

21
Q

TZD’s

A

Dec. body’s insulin resistance

22
Q

Biguanides

A

Slows release of glucose from liver

23
Q

SGLT2

A

Helps us pee out glucose at lower levels

24
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

middle man of the nervous system and the endocrine system.

“Command and Control Center”

25
Q

2 hormones that the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH (anti diabetic hormone)

Oxytocin (help with contractions of the uterus)

26
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

“master gland”

help to control other glands.

27
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland regulate?

A

sexual maturation
growth regulation
adrenal signals

thyroid (TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone)

ovaries and testes
prolactin (production of breast milk)

28
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland do?

A

it get the signal from the hypothalamus and signals release of ADH and Oxytocin.

29
Q

what does TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) do?

A

stimulate the thyroid to release hormones.

30
Q

what will happen if the pituitary gland is broken? (eg. there is a tumor)

A

the biggest thing that the anterior pituitary gland does is regulate the release of TSH, if this is not released then there can be a thyroid storm or thyroidtoxicosis.

there will be a massive release of T3 and T4. (this becomes unregulated)

31
Q

what does the thymus responsible for?

A

this is majority regulates the immune system of a kid. As we get older, the thymus begins to atrophy (less used), it sits behind the sternum

32
Q

What is the main role of the thyroid?

A

resting metabolism

Needs iodine to function (we get our main source of iodine from our salt that has the iodine added)

33
Q

what two hormones does the thyroid release?

A

T3 and T4

34
Q

what does the parathyroid help regulate?

A

the increase and regulation of calcium

35
Q

how does the pituitary gland and the thyroid work together?

A

if the T3 or T4 levels are low, the pituitary gland will release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone).

Many thyroid test are actually looking at the TSH

  • Low TSH = hyperthyroid (no need to release the TSH because the thyroid is pumping out T3 and T4 in a larger amount)
  • high TSH = hypothyroidism (the thyroid is not responding to the TSH, so it keeps pumping that out, underproduction of thyroid)
36
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of someone that has hyperthyroid?

A
  • hypertensive
  • tachycardia
  • they always feel hot
  • hyperactive
37
Q

what is a sign and symptom of someone that has hypothyroid?

A

always feeling sleepy, sad, overweight, hair loss (allopecia = spotty hair loss, unspecific), always cold

Bradycardia, hypotensive (in sever cases)

38
Q

What does T3 do?

A

Most potent of the thyroid hormones

increase metabolism of all cells (increase HR, generates heat, breaks down fats)

39
Q

what does T4 do?

A

the most prevalent of the two thyroid hormones.

increase the metabolism of the cells

most of T4 converts to T3

40
Q

what is myexedema?

A

most severe form of hypothyroidism.

unconscious/unresponsive
- pacing and pressers will speed up HR and boost pressure, but they wont wake up

41
Q

what is Graves disease?

A

hyperthyroidism. immune system creates antibodies that attach to TSH and constantly stimulate T3 and T4.

42
Q

what is the outer part of the kidney called?

A

the cortex

43
Q

what hormone does the cortex create?

A

cortisol and aldosterone

44
Q

what is the middle part of the kidney called, and what does it make?

A

medulla- it makes epi and nor epi

Medical Emergencies (12 decks)

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