Endo 8 - Glucose

Question 1

what biomarker is used to estimate insulin levels

Answer 1

c-peptide

Question 2

major cell of pancreas (60%)

Answer 2

beta cell

Question 3

25% of pancrease

Answer 3

alpha cell (glucagon)

Question 4

5-10% of pancreas

Answer 4

delta cell (somatostatin)

Question 5

increase G in cell increases what molecule

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

high ATP closes what channel

Answer 6

K channel

Question 7

how does low ATP cause insulin release

Answer 7

K channel open => Ca in (depolar) => exocytosis of insulin

Question 8

4 things insulin does

Answer 8

downstream cell growth differen
glucose txp
glucose metab
gene expression

Question 9

insulin sensitive G txp

Answer 9

GLUT-4

Question 10

ubiquitous G txp

Answer 10

GLUT-1

Question 11

beta cell/liver/kidney/intestine G txp

Answer 11

GLUT-2

Question 12

effect of insulin on glycogen

Answer 12

increases glycogen synthesis

Question 13

effect of insulin on HSL

Answer 13

suppress HSL to allow fat storage

Question 14

effect of epi on lipolysis

Answer 14

increase lipolysis

Question 15

symptoms of DM

Answer 15

polyuria/dipsia
hyperphagia
weight loss

Question 16

dx db

Answer 16

A1C > 6.5
2 separate FPG > 126
2h PG in OGTT > 200
random PG > 200

Question 17

what does A1c reflect

Answer 17

glucose status over last 120 days

Question 18

immune mediators in T1DM

Answer 18

T cells

Question 19

HLA type increased risk for T1DM

Answer 19

HLA DR3/4

Question 20

what is unopposed in T1DM

Answer 20

glucagon

Question 21

defects in what 2 things needed for T2DM

Answer 21

insulin secretion
insulin action

Question 22

what happens to b cells over time in T2DM

Answer 22

beta cell mass lost

Question 23

what type of insulin secretion is lost in T2DM

Answer 23

glucose induced insulin secretion

Question 24

cytokines in T1DM

Answer 24

nf-kb and STAT1

Question 25

common pathway in pathophys of T1 and T2

Answer 25

ER stress, JNK, AMPK, ROS, mitochondrial failure

Question 26

end result of T1 and T2DM

Answer 26

beta cell mass lost

Question 27

% b cells in nondiabetic obesity

Answer 27

90%

Question 28

normal % b cell

Answer 28

70%

Question 29

islet # in T2DM

Answer 29

decreases

Question 30

what happens to architecture of islet in T2DM

Answer 30

becomes disorganized

Question 31

what happens to the bcells/islet ratio

Answer 31

decreases

Question 32

T/F you can see amyloid plaques in T2DM

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

3 types of insulin resistance

Answer 33

pre-receptor, receptor, post-receptor

Question 34

2 types of pre-receptor defects

Answer 34

abnormal insulin
insulin Ab

Question 35

how common are pre-receptor defects

Answer 35

uncommon

Question 36

3 types of receptor defects

Answer 36

decreased #
receptor Ab
nonfunctional receptor

Question 37

ex of post-reecptor defect

Answer 37

transduction problem

Question 38

2 biochem ways insulin signalling is affected

Answer 38

Serine/Threo phosphorylation
tyrosine dephosphorylation

Question 39

how does obesity contribute to insulin resistance

Answer 39

increased FA => PKC => blocks insulin signal transduction

Question 40

T/F inflammation can lead to insulin resistance

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

what does overeating do

Answer 41

causes inflammation

Question 42

twin concordance for T1DM

Answer 42

50%

Question 43

twin concordance for T2DM

Answer 43

100%

Question 44

how are obesity and inflammation linked to T2DM

Answer 44

increased oxidative stress

Question 45

what responds to decreased [G]

Answer 45

glucagon
epi
GH
cortisol

Question 46

causes of high insulin hypoglycemia

Answer 46

insulin
drugs - sulfonylureas

Question 47

causes of low insulin hypoglycemia

Answer 47

liver failure
malnutrition
alcohol
GH/cortisol deficiency

Question 48

hypogly in t1DM means what 3 possibilities

Answer 48

loss of glucagon
decrease of compensatory G threshold
reduction in magnitude of compensation